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- Toyota, Junichi
(författare)
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Dialect Mixing as a Language Contact in the History of English
- 2012
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Ingår i: Theories and Practices. ; 3, s. 95-110
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, language contacts have been considered one of the main causes for language change (Heine and Kuteva 2005, 2006), and this is also the case in English. However, English has gone through a range of contacts including a mutually intelligible language, e.g., Old Norse, and various dialects. In the context of English, French does not form a similar kind of contact, since it was spoken by a handful of people who had to learn it. Mutual intelligibility is one of the crucial factors that forced earlier English grammar into its current form. The grammar of Present-Day English is full of peculiarities typologically (Toyota, forthcoming), and its unique history of contacts may be responsible for this.
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- Toyota, Junichi
(författare)
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Disagreement of feminine gender: historical perspectives
- 2012
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Ingår i: Text & Talk: an interdisciplinary journal of language, discourse & communication studies. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1860-7349 .- 1860-7330. ; 32:1, s. 63-82
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper a particular case of grammatical gender agreement system is discussed, concerning the referent of young females or small children. These referents are grammatically treated as neuter nouns, disregarding their biological sex. This is termed gender disagreement. It is argued here that this is due to the older classification of nouns based on active and inactive distinction, stemming from the active alignment. What decides the distinction is the ability to reproduce, which was once a characteristic of active nouns. This criterion has not been given much attention in analyzing modern languages, but it has been very persistent in spite of various sociocultural factors that forced changes in other parts of grammar Thus, it can be claimed that gender disagreement is a result of a shift of gender agreement criteria and persistency of a specific criterion, i.e., the ability to reproduce proves to be still an important criterion in gender agreement system in modern languages.
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