| 1. |
- Antonarakis, S. E., et al.
(author)
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Factor VIII gene inversions in severe hemophilia A : Results of an international consortium study
- 1995
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In: Blood. - : American Society of Hematology. - 0006-4971 .- 1528-0020. ; 86:6, s. 2206-2212
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Twenty-two molecular diagnostic laboratories from 14 countries participated in a consortium study to estimate the impact of Factor VIII gene inversions in severe hemophilia A. A total of 2,093 patients with severe hemophilia A were studied; of those, 740 (35%) had a type 1 (distal) factor VIII inversion, and 140 (7%) showed a type 2 (proximal) inversion. In 25 cases, the molecular analysis showed additional abnormal or polymorphic patterns. Ninety-eight percent of 532 mothers of patients with inversions were carriers of the abnormal factor VIII gene; when only mothers of nonfamilial cases were studied, 9 de novo inversions in maternal germ cells ware observed among 225 cases (≃ 1 de novo maternal origin of the inversion in 25 mothers of sporadic cases). When the maternal grandparental origin was examined, the inversions occurred de novo in male germ cells in 69 cases and female germ cells in 1 case. The presence of factor VIII inversions is not a major predisposing factor for the development of factor VIII inhibitors; however, slightly more patients with severe hemophilia A and factor VIII inversions develop inhibitors (130 of 642 [20%]) than patients with severe hemophilia A without inversions (131 of 821 [16%]).
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Halzen, F., et al.
(author)
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From the first neutrino telescope, the antarctic muon and neutrino detector array AMANDA, to the IceCube observatory
- 1999
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In: Proceedings of the 26th International Cosmic Ray Conference, August 17-25, 1999, Salt Lake City : Invited, Rapporteur, and Highlight Papers. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). ; , s. 428-431
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)
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| 4. |
- Andres, E., et al.
(author)
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AMANDA : Status, results and future
- 1999
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In: Proceedings, 8th International Workshop, Venice, Italy, February 23-26, 1999. Vol. 1, 2. ; , s. 63-79
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We review the status of the AMANDA neutrino telescope. We present resultsobtained from the four-string prototype array AMANDA-B4 and describe themethods of track reconstruction and neutrino event separation. We give also firstresults of the analysis of the 10-string detector AMANDA-B10, in particular onatmospheric neutrinos and the search for magnetic monopoles. We sketch thefuture schedule on the way to a cube kilometer telescope at the South Pole,ICECUBE.
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| 5. |
- Andrés, E. C., et al.
(author)
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The AMANDA neutrino telescope
- 1999
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In: Nuclear physics B, Proceedings supplements. - 0920-5632 .- 1873-3832. ; 77:1-3, s. 474-485
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- With an effective telescope area of order 104 m2 for TeV neutrinos, a threshold near ∼50 GeV and a pointing accuracy of 2.5 degrees per muon track, the AMANDA detector represents the first of a new generation of high energy neutrino telescopes, reaching a scale envisaged over 25 years ago. We describe early results on the calibration of natural deep ice as a particle detector as well as on AMANDA's performance as a neutrino telescope.
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| 6. |
- Barwick, S. W., et al.
(author)
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Initial results from the AMANDA high-energy neutrino detector
- 1998
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In: High-energy physics. Proceedings, 29th International Conference, ICHEP'98, Vancouver, Canada, July 23-29, 1998. Vol. 1, 2. ; , s. 1447-1452
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)
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| 7. |
- Wischnewski, R., et al.
(author)
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The AMANDA neutrino detector
- 1999
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In: Nuclear physics B, Proceedings supplements. - : Elsevier. - 0920-5632 .- 1873-3832. ; 75:1-2, s. 412-414
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The first stage of the AMANDA High Energy Neutrino Detector at the South Pole, the 302 PMT array AMANDA-B with an expected effective area for TeV neutrinos of ∼ 104 m2, has been taking data since 1997. Progress with calibration, investigation of ice properties, as well as muon and neutrino data analysis are described. The next stage 20-string detector AMANDA-II with ∼800 PMTs will be completed in spring 2000.
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| 8. |
- Clarke, Robert, et al.
(author)
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Lowering blood homocysteine with folic acid based supplements : Meta-analysis of randomised trials
- 1998
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In: British Medical Journal. - : BMJ. - 0959-8146. ; 316:7135, s. 894-898
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: To determine the size of reduction in homocysteine concentrations produced by dietary supplementation with folic acid and with vitamins B-12 or B-6. Design: Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials that assessed the effects of folic acid based supplements on blood homocysteine concentration. Multivariate regression analysis was used to determine the effects on homocysteine concentrations of different doses of folic acid and of the addition of vitamin B-12 or B-6. Subjects: Individual data on 1114 people included in 12 trials. Findings: The proportional and absolute reductions in blood homocysteine produced by folic acid supplements were greater at higher pretreatment blood homocysteine concentrations (P < 0.001) and at lower pretreatment blood folate concentrations (P < 0.001). After standardisation to pretreatment blood concentrations of homocysteine of 12 μmol/l and of folate of 12 nmol/l (approximate average concentrations for Western populations), dietary folic acid reduced blood homocysteine concentrations by 25% (95% confidence interval 23% to 28%; P < 0.001), with similar effects in the range of 0.5-5 mg folic acid daily. Vitamin B-12 (mean 0.5 mg daily) produced an additional 7% (3% to 10%) reduction in blood homocysteine. Vitamin B-6 (mean 16.5 mg daily) did not have a significant additional effect. Conclusions: Typically in Western populations, daily supplementation with both 0.5-5 mg folic acid and about 0.5 mg vitamin B-12 would be expected to reduce blood homocysteine concentrations by about a quarter to a third (for example, from about 12 μmol/l to 8-9 μmol/l). Large scale randomised trials of such regimens in high risk populations are now needed to determine whether lowering blood homocysteine concentrations reduces the risk of vascular disease.
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| 9. |
- Ivković-Jensen, Maja M., et al.
(author)
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Comparing the rates and the activation parameters for the forward reaction between the triplet state of zinc cytochrome c and cupriplastocyanin and the back reaction between the zinc cytochrome c cation radical and cuproplastocyanin
- 1999
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In: Biochemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0006-2960 .- 1520-4995. ; 38:5, s. 1589-1597
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This is a comparative study of the photoinduced (so-called forward) electron-transfer reaction 3Zncyt/pc(II) --> Zncyt+/pc(I), between the triplet state of zinc cytochrome c (3Zncyt) and cupriplastocyanin [pc(II)], and the thermal (so-called back) electron-transfer reaction Zncyt+/pc(I) --> Zncyt/pc(II), between the cation (radical) of zinc cytochrome c (Zncyt+) and cuproplastocyanin [pc(I)], which follows it. Both reactions occur between associated (docked) reactants, and the respective unimolecular rate constants are kF and kB. Our previous studies showed that the forward reaction is gated by a rearrangement of the diprotein complex. Now we examine the back reaction and complare the two. We study the effects of temperature (in the range 273.3-302.9 K) and viscosity (in the range 1.00-17.4 cP) on the rate constants and determine enthalpies (DeltaH), entropies (DeltaS), and free energies (DeltaG) of activation. We compare wild-type spinach plastocyanin, the single mutants Tyr83Leu and Glu59Lys, and the double mutant Glu59Lys/Glu60Gln. The rate constant kB for wild-type spinach plastocyanin and its mutants markedly depends on viscosity, an indication that the back reaction is also gated. The activation parameters DeltaH and DeltaS show that the forward and back reactions have similar mechanisms, involving a rearrangement of the diprotein complex from the initial binding configuration to the reactive configuration. The rearrangements of the complexes 3Zncyt/pc(II) and Zncyt+/pc(I) that gate their respective reactions are similar but not identical. Since the back reaction of all plastocyanin variants is faster than the forward reaction, the difference in free energy between the docking and the reactive configuration is smaller for the back reaction than for the forward reaction. This difference is explained by the change in the electrostatic potential on the plastocyanin surface as Cu(II) is reduced to Cu(I). It is the smaller DeltaH that makes DeltaG smaller for the back reaction than for the forward reaction.
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| 10. |
- Ivković-Jensen, Maja M., et al.
(author)
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Effects of single and double mutations in plastocyanin on the rate constant and activation parameters for the rearrangement gating the electron-transfer reaction between the triplet state of zinc cytochrome c and cupriplastocyanin
- 1998
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In: Biochemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0006-2960 .- 1520-4995. ; 37:26, s. 9557-9569
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The unimolecular rate constant for the photoinduced electron-transfer reaction 3Zncyt/pc(II) --> Zncyt+/pc(I) within the electrostatic complex of zinc cytochrome c and spinach cupriplastocyanin is kF. We report the effects on kF of the following factors, all at pH 7.0: 12 single mutations on the plastocyanin surface (Leu12Asn, Leu12Glu, Leu12Lys, Asp42Asn, Asp42Lys, Glu43Asn, Glu59Gln, Glu59Lys, Glu60Gln, Glu60Lys, Gln88Glu, and Gln88Lys), the double mutation Glu59Lys/Glu60Gln, temperature (in the range 273.3-302.9 K), and solution viscosity (in the range 1. 00-116.0 cP) at 283.2 and 293.2 K. We also report the effects of the plastocyanin mutations on the association constant (Ka) and the corresponding free energy of association (DeltaGa) with zinc cytochrome c at 298.2 K. Dependence of kF on temperature yielded the activation parameters DeltaH, DeltaS, and DeltaG. Dependence of kF on solution viscosity yielded the protein friction and confirmed the DeltaG values determined from the temperature dependence. The aforementioned intracomplex reaction is not a simple electron-transfer reaction because donor-acceptor electronic coupling (HAB) and reorganizational energy (lambda), obtained by fitting of the temperature dependence of kF to the Marcus equation, deviate from the expectations based on precedents and because kF greatly depends on viscosity. This last dependence and the fact that certain mutations affect Ka but not kF are two lines of evidence against the mechanism in which the electron-transfer step is coupled with the faster, but thermodynamically unfavorable, rearrangement step. The electron-transfer reaction is gated by the slower, and thus rate determining, structural rearrangement of the diprotein complex; the rate constant kF corresponds to this rearrangement. Isokinetic correlation of DeltaH and DeltaS parameters and Coulombic energies of the various configurations of the Zncyt/pc(II) complex consistently show that the rearrangement is a facile configurational fluctuation of the associated proteins, qualitatively the same process regardless of the mutations in plastocyanin. Correlation of kF with the orientation of the cupriplastocyanin dipole moment indicates that the reactive configuration of the diprotein complex involves the area near the residue 59, between the upper acidic cluster and the hydrophobic patch. Kinetic effects and noneffects of plastocyanin mutations show that the rearrangement from the initial (docking) configuration, which involves both acidic clusters, to the reactive configuration does not involve the lower acidic cluster and the hydrophobic patch but involves the upper acidic cluster and the area near the residue 88.
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