| 1. |
- Carlsson, Carl A., et al.
(författare)
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Basic physics of X-ray imaging
- 1973
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- In X-ray diagnostics, radiation that is partly transmitted through and partly absorbed in the irradiated object is utilised. An X-ray image shows the variations in transmission caused by structures in the object of varying thickness, density or atomic composition.After an introductory description of the nature of X-rays, the most important processes in the X-ray source, the object (patient) and radiation detector for the generation of an X-ray image will be described.
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| 2. |
- Alm Carlsson, Gudrun
(författare)
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Absorbed dose equations
- 1978
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- This report is a logical continuation of two papers concerning basic concepts in dosimetry. The first paper (1) is u critical analysis of the concepts of ionizing radiation and energy imparted as defined by the ICRU (2). The second paper (3) gives a definition of the energy imparted, the fundamental quantity in radiation dosimetry, which is equivalent to that given by the ICRU but which has a different form. This alternative definition of the energy imparted is suitable in deriving a general expression, in terms of particle fluences and interaction cross sections, for the absorbed dose valid also in situations where no kind of radiation equilibrium is established. It is, however, today not possible to quantify this expression for the absorbed dose. All practical calculations of absorbed dose rely on the assumption of one or another type of radiation equilibrium. The aim of this work is to analyze different kinds of radiation equilibrium conditions and to find the corresponding exact expressions for the absorbed dose. The concept of radiation equilibrium is more carefully analyzed than has been done previously (4, 5, 6). Moreover, the definition of the mass energy absorption coefficient for indirectly (uncharged) ionizing particles is critically analyzed. A new definition is proposed relevant to calculations of the absorbed dose in cases when charged particle equilibrium exists within a homogeneous medium due to the uniform liberation of charged particles, by uncharged particles.
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| 3. |
- Alm Carlsson, Gudrun
(författare)
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Bragg-Gray Dosimetry
- 2001
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- The theoretical approach to Bragg-Gray dosimetry is: a Bragg-Gray cavity is a cavity (detector) so small that, when inserted into a medium, it does not disturb the fluence of charged particles existing in the medium.This means that the ideal Bragg-Gray cavity (detector) is one of infinitesimal dimensions, a "point" detector. In practice, such detectors do not exist but many real detectors may, in a first approximation, be treated as Bragg-Gray detectors to a high degree of accuracy. Corrections needed (so called perturbation corrections) to account for the deviation of the signal from a practical detector from that of an ideal one has been treated by, e.g., ICRU 1984, Alm Carlsson, 1985, Svensson and Brahme 1986, Alm Carlsson 1987.Derivation of "perturbation corrections" needs careful consideration and under-standing of the ideal case, i.e., that from which deviations are to be corrected for. The ideal case of a Bragg-Gray detector has been treated by Bragg 1912, Gray 1936, Laurence 1937, Spencer and Attix 1955 and Burch 1955.The formulation of Bragg-Gray theory by Spencer and Attix has found wide practical application and has been treated in detail elsewhere. The theory of Burch treats the same problem as did Spencer and Attix, viz., the significance of generation and slowing down of delta-particles in both medium and detector. Burch treated the problem in considerable detail but didn't find a solution for practical calculations. From a physical point of view, however, there is much to learn from Burch's approach. Also, his treatment of so called track ends, evaluated in some detail by Burch 1957, has been adapted in later versions of the Spencer-Attix formulation of Bragg-Gray theory.
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| 4. |
- Alm Carlsson, Gudrun
(författare)
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Spencer-Attix Cavity Theory
- 2002
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- The cavity theory by Spencer and Attix treats the energy deposition in a Bragg-Gray (B-G) cavity (detector). Originally the theory was developed for the case of a B-G detector inside a medium irradiated with photons and assuming electronic equilibrium in the medium at the position of the cavity. The theory is also applicable in media irradiated with other types of uncharged ionizing particles (e.g., neutrons) and charged particles such as electrons and protons.The special case of photon irradiation under CPE (charged particle equilibrium) conditions was coupled to a model for calculating the energy spectrum of the equilibrium fluence of electrons in the undisturbed medium. For other situations, e.g., in a medium externally irradiated with electrons, the problem is to evaluate the energy spectrum of the electron fluence at the point considered in the medium. Today, this is mostly accomplished using Monte Carlo simulations.A Bragg-Gray cavity is regarded to be so small that:the energy imparted to the cavity from electrons released by photons in the cavity is negligible compared to the energy imparted from electrons released by photons in the surrounding medium and passing through the cavitythe cavity should not disturb the fluence of electrons in the medium, i. e., the fluence of electrons traversing the cavity is assumed to be identical to that existing at the point of interest in the medium in the absence of the cavity.
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| 5. |
- Larsson, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of the uncertainties in KAP-meter calibrations
- 1996
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- This report was prepared in order to give more details to the uncertainty evaluation of the Kerma area product meter calibration procedure described in the paper:Larsson J P Persliden J Sandborg S and Alm Carlsson G 1996 Transmission ionization chambers for measurements of air collision kerma integrated over beam area. Factors limiting the accuracy of calibration. Phys. Med. Biol. 41 2381-2398.Figures and equations referred to in this report will be found in the paperabove.For convenience, however, the equations in the paper that are used in the uncertainty analysis are retyped on the next two sides, see text in section 2.7. in the paper for further details. The numbering of the equations are kept as in the paper.
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| 6. |
- Malusek, Alexandr, et al.
(författare)
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Calculation of the energy absorption efficiency function of selected detector arrays using the MCNP code
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- This report describes a method for the calculation of the energy absorption efficiency function. It gives a theoretical justification of the method and presents results obtained using the MCNP4C code for (i) an infinite slab, (ii) a detector array without a collimator, and (iii) a detector array with a collimator. Moreover, it discusses an alternative method of scoring of the energy imparted per unit surface area in CTmod. This report is a supplement to the article “CTmod—a toolkit for Monte Carlo simulation of projections including scatter in computed tomography” by A. Malusek, M. Sandborg, and G. Alm Carlsson.
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| 7. |
- Malusek, Alexandr, et al.
(författare)
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CTmod
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- CTmod is a set of C++ class libraries primarily designed for the simulation of energy imparted to a CT-scanner detector array using the Monte Carlo method. This report describes mathematical methods and formulas that are used in the code. It is a supplement to the article “CTmod - a toolkit for Monte Carlo simulation of projections including scatter in computed tomography” by A. Malusek, M. Sandborg, and G. Alm Carlsson.In this report, random variables are denoted by a hat. For instance ˆx is a random variable and x is its sample. Points in space are denoted by bold capital letters, e.g. P. Directions are denoted by bold small letters, e.g. u. Inconsistencies in the current notation will be corrected in the next update of this report.
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| 8. |
- Malusek, Alexandr, et al.
(författare)
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Validation of the CTmod toolkit
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- This report is a supplement to the article “CTmod—a toolkit for Monte Carlo simulation of projections including scatter in computed tomography” by A. Malusek, M. Sandborg, and G. Alm Carlsson. It describes methods that were used to validate the CTmod toolkit. Here, we adopt the terminology used in and: Verification is a process of determining whether or not the software is coded correctly and conforms to the specified requirements. Validation is a process of evaluating software to ensure compliance with physical applicability to the process being modelled. Validation of a code would consist of comparing it with known analytical solutions or against an already validated computer code, or could include benchmarking the code against relevant experimental data.CTmod is a toolkit implemented as a C++ class libray. A user is supposed to write a main program which uses classes from the toolkit. The main program is then compiled to create an executable. In this report, we tested two executables (ctmod1 and ctmod2) created this way. In chapter 2, scatter-to-primary ratios of air collision kerma calculated using ctmod1 are compared to data published in literature. In chapter 3, primary and scatter projections calculated using ctmod2 are compared to data calculated using the MCNP5 code. Though not related to the validation, we also report speeds of ctmod1 and ctmod2 as these were often requested from us.
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| 9. |
- Sandborg, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Calculation of contrast and signal-to-noise degradation factors for digital detectors in chest and breast imaging
- 2003
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- The Monte Carlo model of an x-ray imaging system, used in the EU 5th framework project by the Linköping and London partner to study chest and breast imaging, was developed jointly by the London and Linköping partners. It incorporates a model of the x-ray imaging system (x-ray tube, filtration, anti-scatter device and image receptor etc.) and the patient by using a voxel phantom of an adult male. Validation and calibration experiments have been performed for both the chest (Ullman et al 2003b) and the breast model.The model allows inclusion of anatomical or pathological details at particular positions in the anatomy and is able to calculate measures of image quality such as contrast and signal-to-noise ratio and measures of radiation risk for example entrance air kerma and effective dose. It allows alteration of imaging system settings such as tube voltage, filtration, beam size and position, choice of anti-scatter device and choice of image detector etc. The model is a useful tool for optimisations since it has been shown that in chest and lumbar spine radiography is able to predict clinical image quality as assessed by a group of radiologists.In the Monte Carlo model (MC-model) the image quality measures are calculated assuming a perfectly sharp imaging system and correction factors need to be applied to the computed data in order to make the image quality measures agree on an absolute scale. The calculation of correction factors for contrast and signal-tonoises are described in this report. A similar report focusing on analogue screen-film chest and lumbar spine radiography was completed some years ago and some of the concepts and methods are similar.
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| 10. |
- Sandborg, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Collection and analysis of patient and image data for calibration of a voxelphantombased Monte Carlo code and for the modelling of important structures
- 1997
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- The contribution of the Medical Physics Departments at Linköping University (LKP) and The Royal Marsden NHS Trust (RMH) to the joint project ‘Predictivity and Optimisation in Medical Radiation Protection’ is in modelling of the chest and lumbar spine radiographic examinations. This involves:the development of quantitative imaging requirements;an investigation of the effect of imaging technique on image quality and patientdose, andan optimisation of system design.One of the objectives for this first reporting period (0-12 months) was to collect a set of chest and lumbar spine radiographs of patients for subsequent analysis in order to establish patient doses and important features in the images. The set of radiographs and the outcome of the image feature analysis will during this project’s second year be used to calibrate our Monte Carlo computational model of the conventional chest and lumbar spine screen-film X-ray imaging systems.
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