| 1. |
- Bajwa, Sohaib Shahid, et al.
(författare)
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What are the Significant Cost Factors for COSMIC Functional Size Based Effort Estimation?
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the nature of the relationship between software product size measured in Common Software Measurement International Consortium (COSMIC) Function Points and the development effort. We investigated both numerical and categorical cost factors which have a significant effect on this relationship based on the empirical studies we conducted using the International Software Benchmarking Standards Group (ISBSG) Dataset Release 10. For the statistical analyses, we performed step wise Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) and Linear Regression Analysis techniques. In this paper, we discuss the results we obtained and the significance of the results for the software organizations who would like to improve their effort estimation processes.
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| 2. |
- Bhatti, Ansar Malook, et al.
(författare)
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A Model for Selecting an Optimum Set of Measures in Software Organizations
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most of the software organizations face difficulties in choosing the measures to collect since there is no universal set of measures for all types of organizations and projects. Experience shows that measurement can be more successful if the measures are collected based on the goals of the organization or the project which it will serve. However, one of the major constraints for the organizations is the associated cost for the resources needed when collecting the measures. Therefore, based on their goals, the software organizations require collecting not only as few measures from a large number of possible measures as possible but an optimum set of measures as well. In this paper, we propose a model, called ‘Optimum Measures Set Decision (OMSD) Model’, which is an extension of the well-known Goal Question Metric (GQM) paradigm using a heuristics approach. We performed a survey by distributing a structured questionnaire to a number of people from the industry in order evaluate and get feedback on these factors. We evaluated the rules of the model by means of some sample cases we created. In this paper, we discuss OMSD as well as the empirical studies we conducted in order to develop it.
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| 3. |
- Buglione, Luigi, et al.
(författare)
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Which COSMIC Base Functional Components are Significant in Estimating Web Application Development? : A Case Study
- 2010
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Estimation is still a challenging process for planning and managing software projects. Often, estimates are being done on experiential or analogous basis or using effort estimation models. Mostly, these approaches take software size (e.g., Lines of Code, Function Points, Object points) and other cost factors as the main inputs to estimation. This study focuses on functional size based effort estimation for Web application development and investigates the significance of the functional sizes of each of the COSMIC Base Functional Component (BFC) types in explaining the variation in the development effort. A case study was conducted collecting data on 25 Web projects from a software organization. The results show that the size of only one of the BFC Types can explain the variation in the effort nearly as good as the total functional size.
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| 4. |
- Demirors, Onur, et al.
(författare)
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Conceptual Association of Functional Size Measurement Methods
- 2009
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Ingår i: IEEE Software. - : IEEE. - 0740-7459. ; 26:3, s. 71-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the significant challenges of Functional Size Measurement (FSM) is the underlying variations among FSM methods. A software product has different functional sizes in different units of measurement when measured by different methods. On the other hand, FSM methods are based on similar concepts and use comparable attributes in their measurement processes. In this paper the conceptual similarities and differences between FSM methods are discussed and a model for unification is introduced. The model is evaluated by means of case studies for measuring the functional size of software systems simultaneously by using IFPUG FPA, MkII FPA and COSMIC FFP methods.
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| 5. |
- Gencel, Cigdem, et al.
(författare)
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A Decision Support Framework for Metric Selection in Goal-Based Measurement Programs : GQM-DSFMS
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Systems and Software. - : Elsevier. - 0164-1212. ; 86:12, s. 3091-3108
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Software organizations face challenges in managing and sustaining their measurement programs over time. The complexity of measurement programs increase with exploding number of goals and metrics to collect. At the same time, organizations usually have limited budget and resources for metrics collection. It has been recognized for quite a while that there is the need for prioritizing goals, which then ought to drive the selection of metrics. On the other hand, the dynamic nature of the organizations requires measurement programs to adapt to the changes in the stakeholders, their goals, information needs and priorities. Therefore, it is crucial for organizations to use structured approaches that provide transparency, traceability and guidance in choosing an optimum set of metrics that would address the highest priority information needs considering limited resources. This paper proposes a decision support framework for metrics selection (DSFMS) which is built upon the widely used Goal Question Metric (GQM) approach. The core of the framework includes an iterative goal-based metrics selection process incorporating decision making mechanisms in metrics selection, a pre-defined Attributes/Metrics Repository, and a Traceability Model among GQM elements. We also discuss alternative prioritization and optimization techniques for organizations to tailor the framework according to their needs. The evaluation of the GQM-DSFMS framework was done through a case study in a CMMI Level 3 software company.
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| 6. |
- Gencel, Cigdem, et al.
(författare)
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From performance measurement to project estimating using COSMIC functional sizing
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper introduces the role and importance of the measurement of software sizes when measuring the performance of software activities and in estimating effort, etc, for new software projects. We then describe three standard software sizing methods (the Albrecht/IFPUG, MkII FPA and COSMIC methods) that have claimed to be functional size measurement methods and examine the true nature of their size scales. We find that sizes produced by the Albrecht/IFPUG and MkII FPA methods are actually on a scale of ‘standard (development) effort’. Only the COSMIC method gives a true measure of functional size and is thus best-suited for performance comparisons across projects using different technologies. We conclude that in principle, different types of scales, one measuring functional size and the other standard effort, may be desirable for the different purposes of performance measurement and for estimating, respectively. It then follows that for estimating purposes it might be attractive to define a COSMIC-enabled estimating process in which weights are assigned to the components of a COSMIC functional size dependent on the technology to be used by the project being estimated and maybe on other factors. The resulting COSMIC ‘standard effort’ scale for the given technology, etc., might be expected to yield more accurate project effort estimates than using the standard COSMIC functional size scale. Initial promising results for such an approach are also presented.
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| 7. |
- Gencel, Cigdem
(författare)
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How to use COSMIC Functional Size in Effort Estimation Models?
- 2008
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although Functional Size Measurement (FSM) methods have become widely used by the software organizations, the functional size based effort estimation still needs further investigation. Most of the studies on effort estimation consider total functional size of the software as the primary input to estimation models and they mostly focus on identifying the project parameters which might have a significant effect on the size-effort relationship. This study brings suggestions on how to use COSMIC functional size as an input for effort estimation models and explores whether the productivity values for developing different functionality types deviate significantly from a total average productivity value computed from total functional size and effort figures. The results obtained after conducting a multiple case study in which COSMIC method was used for size measurement are discussed as well.
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| 8. |
- Gencel, Cigdem, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of Base Functional Component Types on Software Functional Size based Effort Estimation
- 2008
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Software effort estimation is still a significant challenge for software management. Although Functional Size Measurement (FSM) methods have been standardized and have become widely used by the software organizations, the relationship between functional size and development effort still needs further investigation. Most of the studies focus on the project cost drivers and consider total software functional size as the primary input to estimation models. In this study, we investigate whether using the functional sizes of different functionality types, represented by the Base Functional Component (BFC) types; instead of using the total single size figure have a significant impact on estimation reliability. For the empirical study, we used the projects data in the International Software Benchmarking Standards Group (ISBSG) Release 10 dataset, which were sized by the COSMIC FSM method.
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| 9. |
- Gencel, Cigdem, et al.
(författare)
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Improvement Opportunities and Suggestions for Benchmarking
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the past 10 years, the amount of effort put on setting up benchmarking repositories has considerably increased at the organizational, national and even at international levels to help software managers to determine the performance of software activities and to make better software estimates. This has enabled a number of studies with an emphasis on the relationship between software product size, effort and cost factors in order to either measure the average performance for similar software projects or develop reliable estimation models and then refine them using the collected data. However, despite these efforts, none of those methods are yet deemed to be universally applicable and there is still no agreement on which cost factors are significant in the estimation process. This study discusses some of the possible reasons why in software engineering, practitioners and researchers have not yet been able to come up with well defined relationships between effort and cost drivers although considerable amounts of data on software projects have been collected.
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| 10. |
- Gencel, Cigdem, et al.
(författare)
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On the Relationship between Different Size Measures in the Software Life Cycle
- 2009
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Ingår i: 16th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference, APSEC 2009; Penang; Malaysia; 1 December 2009 through 3 December 2009. - Penang, Malaysia : IEEE Computer Society. - 1530-1362. - 9780769539096 ; , s. 19-26
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Various measures and methods have been developed to measure the sizes of different software entities produced throughout the software life cycle. Understanding the nature of the relationship between the sizes of these products has become significant due to various reasons. One major reason is the ability to predict the size of the later phase products by using the sizes of early life cycle products. For example, we need to predict the Source Lines of Code (SLOC) from Function Points (FP) since SLOC is being used as the main input for most of the estimation models when this measure is not available yet. SLOC/FP ratios have been used by the industry for such purposes even though the assumed linear relationship has not been validated yet. Similarly, FP has recently started to be used to predict the Bytes of code for estimating the amount of spare memory needed in systems. In this paper, we aim to investigate further the nature of the relationship between the software functional size and the code size by conducting a series of empirical studies.
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