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- Clark, Charlotte, et al.
(författare)
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A 3 year update on the influence of noise on performance and behavior
- 2012
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Ingår i: Noise & Health. - Medknow Publications. - 1463-1741. ; 14:61, s. 292-296
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of noise exposure on human performance and behavior continues to be a focus for research activities. This paper reviews developments in the field over the past 3 years, highlighting current areas of research, recent findings, and ongoing research in two main research areas: Field studies of noise effects on childrens cognition and experimental studies of auditory distraction. Overall, the evidence for the effects of external environmental noise on childrens cognition has strengthened in recent years, with the use of larger community samples and better noise characterization. Studies have begun to establish exposure-effect thresholds for noise effects on cognition. However, the evidence remains predominantly cross-sectional and future research needs to examine whether sound insulation might lessen the effects of external noise on childrens learning. Research has also begun to explore the link between internal classroom acoustics and childrens learning, aiming to further inform the design of the internal acoustic environment. Experimental studies of the effects of noise on cognitive performance are also reviewed, including functional differences in varieties of auditory distraction, semantic auditory distraction, individual differences in susceptibility to auditory distraction, and the role of cognitive control on the effects of noise on understanding and memory of target speech materials. In general, the results indicate that there are at least two functionally different types of auditory distraction: One due to the interruption of processes (as a result of attention being captured by the sound), another due to interference between processes. The magnitude of the former type is related to individual differences in cognitive control capacities (e.g., working memory capacity); the magnitude of the latter is not. Few studies address noise effects on behavioral outcomes, emphasizing the need for researchers to explore noise effects on behavior in more detail.
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- Ljung, Robert, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Poor Listening Conditions Impair Memory for Intelligible Lectures: Implications for Acoustic Classroom Standards
- 2009
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Ingår i: Building Acoustics. - 1351-010X. ; 16:3, s. 257-265
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reports two experiments on the effects of degraded speech signals on memory for spoken lectures. Experiment 1 showed that broadband noise impairs university students’ memory for a spoken lecture, even though the participants heard what was said. Experiment 2 showed that reverberation has detrimental effects to school adolescents’ memory for spoken lectures, similar to broadband noise. The results suggest that poor listening conditions (resulting from background noise and/or long reverberation time) impair memory and learning, even if the conditions allow the listeners to hear what is said. Since the goal for students and pupils attending to lectures is to remember the lecture rather than just hearing what is said, the results presented here indicate that standards for acceptable signal-to-noise ratios and reverberation times in buildings designed for learning should consider the distinction between speech intelligibility and memory. Standards should be based on memory criteria instead of intelligibility criteria.
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- Nöstl, Anatole, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Expectations Modulate the Magnitude of Attentional Capture by Auditory Events
- 2012
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - 1932-6203. ; 7:11, s. e48569
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What determines the magnitude of attentional capture by deviant sound events? We combined the cross-modal oddball distraction paradigm with sequence learning to address this question. Participants responded to visual targets, each preceded by tones that formed a repetitive cross-trial standard sequence. In Experiment 1, with the standard tone sequence …-660-440-660-880-… Hz, either the 440 Hz or the 880 Hz standard was occasionally replaced by one of two deviant tones (220 Hz and 1100 Hz), that either differed slightly (by 220 Hz) or markedly (by 660 Hz) from the replaced standard. In Experiment 2, with the standard tone sequence …-220-660-440-660-880-660-1100-… Hz, the 440 Hz and the 880 Hz standard was occasionally replaced by either a 220 Hz or a 1100 Hz pattern deviant. In both experiments, a high-pitch deviant was more captivating when it replaced a low-pitch standard, and a low-pitch deviant was more captivating when it replaced a high-pitch standard. These results indicate that the magnitude of attentional capture by deviant sound events depends on the discrepancy between the deviant event and the expected event, not on perceived local change.
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- Nöstl, Anatole, et al.
(författare)
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Using Sequential Structures of Sound to Elucidate the Basis of Distraction by Auditory Novelty.
- 2012
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- The cross-modal oddball paradigm is typically used to study why infrequently presented sound prolongs reaction time to visual targets (the novelty effect). In the experiment reported here, we used this paradigm with a twist whereby each target was preceded by one of three standard sounds (A, B or C) which formed a repetitive sequential sequence across trials (i.e., A-B-C-B-AB-C-B- etc.). The standard sound sequence was occasionally interrupted during the experimental session (e.g., A-B-CA-B-C-B- etc.) to test whether this interruption produced a novelty effect. Interruptions did capture attention and more so when the replaced sound differed substantially—in Hertz—from the replacing sound. Standard sound can cause a novelty effect, not only infrequently presented sound, as long as they violate what we have learned about (and therefore expect of) the sound environment.
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