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- Abarca-Guerrero, Lilliana, et al.
(författare)
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Desafíos en la gestión de residuos sólidos para las ciudades de países en desarrollo [Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries]
- 2015
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Ingår i: Tecnología en Marcha. - 0379-3982 .- 2215-3241. ; 28:2, s. 141-168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Solid waste management is a challenge for the cities' authorities in developing countries mainly due to the increasing generation of waste, the burden posed on the municipal budget as a result of the high costs associated to its management, the lack of understanding over a diversity of factors that affect the different stages of waste management and linkages necessary to enable the entire handling system functioning. An analysis of literature on the work done and reported mainly in publications from 2005 to 2011, related to waste management in developing countries, showed that few articles give quantitative information. The analysis was conducted in two of the major scientific journals, Waste Management Journal and Waste Management and Research. The objective of this research was to determine the stakeholders' action/behavior that have a role in the waste management process and to analyze influential factors on the system, in more than thirty urban areas in 22 developing countries in 4 continents. A combination of methods was used in this study in order to assess the stakeholders and the factors influencing the performance of waste management in the cities. Data was collected from scientific literature, existing data bases, observations made during visits to urban areas, structured interviews with relevant professionals, exercises provided to participants in workshops and a questionnaire applied to stakeholders. Descriptive and inferential statistic methods were used to draw conclusions. The outcomes of the research are a comprehensive list of stakeholders that are relevant in the waste management systems and a set of factors that reveal the most important causes for the systems' failure. The information provided is very useful when planning, changing or implementing waste management systems in cities.
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- Andersson, Staffan, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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El control de la corrupción : Un marco analítico para su estudio
- 2009
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Ingår i: Revista del CLAD Reforma y Democracia. - 1315-2378. ; 43, s. 103-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Institutional Control of Corruption: an Analytical Framework for its Study Designing and implementing institutional mechanisms to control corruption are key strategies for improving the democratic quality of political systems. For this reason, not only does this issue occupy a priority position in the political agenda of a number of governmental and international organizations, but there is also a large body of specialized literature on this subject. In spite of a number of existing studies that focus on the importance of the role that institutions play in curbing corruption, the literature centered specifically on the empirical evaluation of such mechanisms in a particular country, or on the theoretical analysis of how they contribute to increased accountability of public officials, is less abundant. To address this lack, this article suggests an analytical framework based on the Principal-Agent theory, to propose systematic empirical research of institutional measures for controlling corruption. This analytical framework is based on two criteria for classification. The first one distinguishes between ex ante and ex post measures, depending on when the specific mechanisms are enacted: before or after the delegation of authority between the Principal and the Agent has taken place. The second criterion distinguishes between a priori and a posteriori measures, depending on whether the specific mechanism is implemented before or after the act of corruption itself has occurred. Different theoretical consequences derive from each approach in terms of the projected effectiveness of the ensuing controls in reducing agency problems. Thus, the proposed framework serves to shed light on two main issues: the identification of the prevailing approach to control corruption in a specific country, and the estimation of the theoretical effectiveness of that approach. However, the most important innovation prompted by the application of this analytical framework, is that it provides for several types of comparison: between different approaches for controlling corruption in various case studies, between various areas of heightened risk for corruption within a country -such as party financing, corruption of members of parliament, ministers, etc.- and between such specific risk areas in different countries. To allow these different types of comparison, the concept of a danger zone of corruption is proposed. This concept refers to the areas and functions of the system that are vulnerable to corruption: areas of vulnerability where occurrence of corruption is likely, and conditions that are likely to promote corruption. Using this concept, it is possible to delineate the vulnerable areas in a specific system, and thereafter, to apply the proposed analytical framework in order to better describe the current approaches taken to control corruption in a given country. The necessary specific steps to identify these danger zones, as well as to empirically apply the proposed analytical framework are detailed in this article, using several examples from the British system. Due to the highly developed institutional measures to circumvent corruption in place in the United Kingdom, this case effectively illustrates the utility of the proposed framework. In summary, the purpose of this article is to fulfill a deficit in the existing literature on the control of corruption, by providing a novel theoretical framework for the descriptive analysis of institutional mechanisms and their theoretical effectiveness in specific contexts and at the comparative level.
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| 9. |
- Areyuna [Adrián Santini], Héctor, 1950-
(författare)
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Sobre la poesía de Juan Cámeron
- 1987
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Ingår i: Signos de la poesía. - Stockholm. ; :mars, s. 5 sidor-
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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