| 1. |
- Granhall, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Bacterial community diversity in paper mills processing recycled paper
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1367-5435 .- 1476-5535. ; 37:10, s. 1061-1069
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Paper mills processing recycled paper suffer from biofouling causing roblems both in the mill and final product. The total bacterial ommunity composition and identification of specific taxa in the process ater and biofilms at the stock preparation and paper machine areas in a ill with recycled paper pulp was described by using a DNA-based pproach. Process water in a similar mill was also analyzed to nvestigate if general trends can be found between mills and over time. acterial community profiles, analyzed by terminal-restriction fragment ength polymorphism (T-RFLP), in process water showed that the dominant eaks in the profiles were similar between the two mills, although the verall composition was unique for each mill. When comparing process ater and biofilm at different locations within one of the mills, we bserved a separation according to location and sample type, with the iofilm from the paper machine being most different. 16S rRNA gene clone ibraries were generated and 404 clones were screened by RFLP analysis. rouping of RFLP patterns confirmed that the biofilm from the paper achine was most different. A total of 99 clones representing all RFLP atterns were analyzed, resulting in sequences recovered from nine acterial phyla, including two candidate phyla. Bacteroidetes epresented 45% and Actinobacteria 23% of all the clones. Sequences with imilarity to organisms implicated in biofouling, like Chryseobacterium pp. and Brevundimonas spp., were recovered from all samples even though he mill had no process problems during sampling, suggesting that they re part of the natural paper mill community. Moreover, many sequences howed little homology to as yet uncultivated bacteria implying that aper mills are interesting for isolation of new organisms, as well as or bioprospecting.
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| 2. |
- Charisiadou, S., et al.
(författare)
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Coastal aquaculture in Zanzibar, Tanzania
- 2022
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Ingår i: Aquaculture. - : Elsevier. - 0044-8486 .- 1873-5622. ; 546
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study provides an overview of the multi-sectoral coastal aquaculture development in Zanzibar (Tanzania) over the last thirty years based on empirical evidence from interviews, field observations, policy reports and literature reviews. Despite the immense potential of aquaculture for food and livelihoods, only seaweed farming has so far established into commercial-scale production. This activity is dominated by women and became widespread in the early 1990s as a small but regular source of income. However, seaweed farming constraints such as frequent seaweed die-offs, as well as economic and institutional constraints inhibit its development. Other types of aquaculture activities such as fish farming, mud crab fattening, half-pearl farming, sea cucumber farming and sponge and coral cultures are under development with limited production or in experimental stages. Common constraints among these activities are economic limitations, lack of technical infrastructure and skills, small and irregular production, and limited trade and market availabilities. At the same time, there is a lack of sufficient management and monitoring systems, while there are no formal regulations or clear strategies to boost aquaculture at the national level. In addition, new aquaculture initiatives are often dominated by donor-driven projects instead of local entrepreneurships. This situation does not encourage engagement in aquaculture and thus such activities are outcompeted by other already established sectors (e.g. agriculture and fisheries). We conclude that aquaculture has great potential to evolve due to high environmental capacity. Nevertheless, achieving profitable production and a stronger commitment within local communities, as well as developing effective mariculture governance through support mechanisms and clear strategies to boost the sector at the national level, are essential for sustainable mariculture development in Zanzibar.
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| 3. |
- Häggmark Svensson, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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The Impact of Water Quality Management Policies on Innovation in Nitrogen and Phosphorus Technology
- 2021
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Ingår i: Water Economics and Policy. - : World Scientific. - 2382-624X .- 2382-6258. ; 7:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to examine the effects on innovation of environmental regulations aimed at reducing eutrophication. We focus on innovations in nitrogen and phosphorus management technology in the wastewater treatment sector and the agricultural sector. Patent data from Sweden over a 50-year period is used as a measure of innovation. We estimate a negative binomial regression model in a reduced form and by the use of control-functions, taking into account environmental regulation as well as more general determinants of innovation. Our results suggest that increased regulation has induced innovation in the wastewater treatment sector, both in the long and short run. The short-run effect was estimated to 40-70% in the years immediately following the introduction of new environmental regulations. A corresponding effect could not be identified in the agricultural sector. The difference between the sectors is likely explained by differences in policy design, where performance standards are applied in the wastewater sector, while design standards and technology-specific subsidies dominate in the agricultural sector.
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| 4. |
- Luthman, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Strong and weak sustainability in Nordic aquaculture policies
- 2022
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Ingår i: Aquaculture. - : Elsevier. - 0044-8486 .- 1873-5622. ; 550
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we critically analyze how sustainability is considered in aquaculture policies and strategies using the Nordic countries as a case. The strong versus weak sustainability concepts are used to define and clarify what sustainability aspects are central to each state. To illustrate these concepts further, we draw on and modify four mainstream environmental discourses defined by John Dryzek and apply them to the strong and weak sustainability dichotomy to help categorize how environmental sustainability is portrayed in Nordic aquaculture policies and strategies. Subsequently we apply the characteristics of the concepts to aquaculture and sustainability in the Nordic countries. This allows us to identify each state's depiction of sustainable aquaculture, compare these to one another and assess where the Nordic states position themselves regarding sustainability and aquaculture. Our findings show that the policies emphasize technological advancements, intensification, and economic growth, which correlates with weak sustainability. Environmental sustainability receives a significant role in the documents too but does not seem to trump increased intensification or profitability. All policies are heavily focused on fed aquaculture and in order to reduce negative impacts from aquaculture there is a need to incorporate key elements of strong sustainability in policies, including measures to reduce impacts from pollution and the spread of pathogens, use of high-grade food resources and energy consumption. This to transform the industry to sustainability rather than just making it less unsustainable.
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| 5. |
- Plue, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Where does the community start, and where does it end? Including the seed bank to reassess forest herb layer responses to the environment
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 28:2, s. 424-435
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- QuestionBelow-ground processes are key determinants of above-ground plant population and community dynamics. Still, our understanding of how environmental drivers shape plant communities is mostly based on above-ground diversity patterns, bypassing below-ground plant diversity stored in seed banks. As seed banks may shape above-ground plant communities, we question whether concurrently analysing the above- and below-ground species assemblages may potentially enhance our understanding of community responses to environmental variation. LocationTemperate deciduous forests along a 2000km latitudinal gradient in NW Europe. MethodsHerb layer, seed bank and local environmental data including soil pH, canopy cover, forest cover continuity and time since last canopy disturbance were collected in 129 temperate deciduous forest plots. We quantified herb layer and seed bank diversity per plot and evaluated how environmental variation structured community diversity in the herb layer, seed bank and the combined herb layer-seed bank community. ResultsSeed banks consistently held more plant species than the herb layer. How local plot diversity was partitioned across the herb layer and seed bank was mediated by environmental variation in drivers serving as proxies of light availability. The herb layer and seed bank contained an ever smaller and ever larger share of local diversity, respectively, as both canopy cover and time since last canopy disturbance decreased. Species richness and -diversity of the combined herb layer-seed bank community responded distinctly differently compared to the separate assemblages in response to environmental variation in, e.g. forest cover continuity and canopy cover. ConclusionsThe seed bank is a below-ground diversity reservoir of the herbaceous forest community, which interacts with the herb layer, although constrained by environmental variation in e.g. light availability. The herb layer and seed bank co-exist as a single community by means of the so-called storage effect, resulting in distinct responses to environmental variation not necessarily recorded in the individual herb layer or seed bank assemblages. Thus, concurrently analysing above- and below-ground diversity will improve our ecological understanding of how understorey plant communities respond to environmental variation.
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| 6. |
- Bele, Bolette, et al.
(författare)
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Lokale matprodukter, kundepreferanser og biologisk kulturarv : Oppsummering av en kundeundersøkelse i Gävleborgs län, Sverige og i Trøndelag Fylke, Norge
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denne undersøkelsen er gjennomført innenfor rammen for Interreg-prosjektet «Biologisk kulturarvsom bærekraftig verdiskaper». Prosjektet har fokusert på det potensialet som småskala produsenterhar i å synliggjøre de natur- og kulturverdiene som er koblet denne typen matproduksjon.Forbrukerundersøkelsen som presenteres i denne rapporten ble gjennomført ved to utsalgssteder iSverige og to i Norge. I Sverige foregikk spørreundersøkelsen i Gävleborgs län, ved matfestivalenMoläta i Järvsö og ved setra Svedbovallen like utenfor Järvsö. I Norge ble den samme undersøkelsengjennomført i Trøndelag, ved Eggjenseteren i Snåsa og ved Mathallen Smak og Behag i Oppdal.Undersøkelsen ble gjennomført som en kombinasjon av spørreskjema og oppfølgende intervju. Itillegg er også resultater fra en pilotstudie ved Gregoriemarknaden i Sverige diskutert i rapporten.Forbrukerundersøkelsen fokuserer på fire hovedtemaer: a) hvordan informanten/kunden ser på dennetype bedrifter (företag) og hva de setter pris på ved besøket, b) hva kunden assosierer med det å handleslike lokale matprodukter, c) hvilke naturverdier og biologisk kulturarv de assosierer slike produktermed, d) hvilken bakgrunn kunden/informanten har.Omtrent halvparten av informantene i denne undersøkelsen svarer at de kjenner til selve begrepet«biologisk kulturarv». I og med at koblingen mellom lokale matprodukter og natur- og kulturarv ikkeer tydelig for alle kunder, bør det ligge et potensial i å formidle denne kunnskapen, slik at den kanbidra både til å styrke økonomien og bærekraften til virksomhetene. Resultatene viser også at mangeav kundene verdsetter den opplevelsen det er å besøke slike utsalgssteder. Dette inkluderer blantannet opplevelser knyttet frivillig arbeid (volonärer), drikke kaffe, oppleve spesielle landskap og hakontakt med dyr. Det sosiale samværet ved å besøke matfestivalen, markedet, setra eller det lokaleutsalgsstedet er også noe som påvirker kundenes opplevelse av produktene. Mange avinformantene/kundene i denne undersøkelsen viste seg å ha en indirekte/historisk geografisktilknytning til utsalgsstedet. Resultatene viser derfor at det kan være viktig å henvende seg tilutflyttere, hytteeiere og andre lokale/regionale turister/turistaktører for å danne seg et godtkundegrunnlag både for produktene og opplevelsene som tilbys.Våre resultater viser at salget av lokale matprodukter må anses å være en del av denhelhetsopplevelsen som tilbys. Produktene, til sammen med opplevelsene og aktivitetene må derforsees på som en pakkeløsning som kundene er villige til å betale for. Småskala matprodusenter børderfor sette fokus på helheten og ikke bare fokusere på kvaliteten til matproduktene.
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| 7. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal management of two ecologically interacting deer speciesreality matters, beliefs don't
- 2017
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Ingår i: Natural Resource Modeling. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0890-8575 .- 1939-7445. ; 30:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to analyze the optimal management of two ecologically interdependent, competing species, roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (Dama dama). To this end, we develop a numerical stage-structured model, accounting for species-specific life history characteristics, gender, and stage-specific hunting values. Two contrasting management regimes are considered: optimal joint management of the two species and management where the decision maker is ignorant about interspecific competition. Results from our case study show that the presence of interspecific competition reduces roe deer population size and harvest by 30% and 47%, respectively, and reduces the net present value by 9%. High interspecific competition could lead to the exclusion of the roe deer from the area. In contrast, ignorance about the level and consequences of interspecific competition has no impact on harvest decisions and revenues. The explanation is the higher hunting benefits for fallow deer. Summary for Managers Wildlife managers need bioeconomic models for decisions on ecologically interdependent species. This study investigates optimal joint management of roe and fallow deer when the fallow deer exerts a negative impact on roe deer due to interspecific competition. Results show that interspecific competition reduces the net present value of hunting at the study site by 9%. Regulations will not increase the net present value of hunting in a situation where the manager is ignorant of interspecific competition.
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| 8. |
- Eriksson, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
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Addressing semantics and historical data heterogeneities in cross-temporal landscape change analyses
- 2010
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Ingår i: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-8809 .- 1873-2305. ; 139:139, s. 516-521
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The process of recreating historical land cover dynamics, needed to understand trends and transient states in ecosystems, includes difficulties such as the sensitivity of applied spatial analyses to heterogeneities in historical material. This paper compares the handling of quantitatively dominating categories in two matrix analyses of land cover change within a Swedish boreal landscape (1725–1859). The focus is on how inconsistencies between historical maps can be handled without violating the inherent semantic potential. The study shows that analyses of land cover support different indications of change depending on the treatment of dominating categories. The type of landscape and research questions in focus should therefore be part of choosing matrix method and classification scheme. The observed patterns need to be evaluated against drivers of change and semantic plasticity in classification schemes to separate ecological change from semantic confusion. This paper recommends aggregated classification schemes with maintained original relationships between categories in comprehensive analyses. However, no pathway is persistent over time and categories should be allowed to disappear and new to appear. Analysis of historical dynamics with extended transition matrixes is recommended to account for the dynamics of small categories in relation to dominating categories within a landscape.
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| 9. |
- Gallardo Fernández, Gloria L.
(författare)
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From Seascapes of Extinction to Seascapes of Confidence : Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries in Chile: El Quisco and Puerto Oscuro
- 2008
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In Chile, the indiscriminate harvest for export of the edible shellfish, Concholepas concholepas or false abalone, propelled by a neo-liberal market economy during the 1970s, almost led to the extinction of the species, thereby threatening the dependant small-scale artisan fishers’ survival as well as the ecosystem. To reverse this, fishers’ organizations in Chile have adopted the state created regulatory measure, Management and Exploitation Areas for Benthic Resources (MEABR; locally known as Management Areas -- MAs). Replacing the former unsuccessful fishing regulatory measurements, the MEABR regime empowers the fishers with exclusive territorial use rights (TURF) to manage the species, often under commons institutions, thus creating new seascapes of confidence. However, as is often the case with new solutions, emergent problems are posed that threaten to undermine the reform. With the new regulated extraction measure and geographical expansion of this novel labour and production alternative, fishers experience a transition from ‘nomadic’ to sedentary fishing leading to a transformation of their lifestyle and skills. If MAs become permanent, fishing in rural areas may lead to tensions as the fishers settle on coastal lands without entitlement, or are hindered from developing their own fisheries infrastructure. The legal system does not seem to fully foresee the consequences of the reform, and prevailing power relations and private property rights work to disadvantage the fishers. Using a participatory approach for the first research location of El Quisco (Valparaíso Region), and interviews with key informants for the second research location of Puerto Oscuro (Coquimbo Region), fishers’ views of the Chilean TURF were evaluated. How fishers perceive this experience should be central for the success or failure of the MAs as a viable alternative to the earlier conditions of open access. While the assessment of El Quisco deals more with the performance of the MA, Puerto Oscuro is used to portray the seascapes of conflict that have emerged as ownership of the coastal land is contested. The study shows that while the reform has brought better incomes from the benthic resources, the overall economic importance of the MAs for the fishers is reduced relative to the incomes coming from fishing activities realized outside the MAs. Experiences in both cases have been otherwise positive in terms of the recuperation of the species, ecological concerns and strengthening fishers’ so-called soft assets. Nevertheless, many problems remain, among them the problem of access to the sea border and those related to ambiguous land rights to support coastal settlement and fishing infrastructure development.
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| 10. |
- Lozano, Julian E., et al.
(författare)
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Heterogeneous impacts of large carnivores on hunting lease prices
- 2021
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Ingår i: Land use policy. - : Elsevier. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Notwithstanding their crucial role in ecosystem functionality, large carnivores generally entail economic costs to hunters due to competition for the same prey. This cost could potentially vary depending on carnivore density and the game hunting values at stake. We estimate a hedonic price model applying the unconditional quantile regression method in order to investigate the impact of large carnivores along the distribution of hunting lease prices in Sweden. We compare these impacts with those obtained from conditional quantile regressions, as well as from ordinary least squares estimations. Based on the unconditional quantile estimates, our results indicate that wolf, lynx and bear can exert a negatively significant effect in the middle range of the outcome distribution, while no significant impact is found in the lower quantiles. For the statistically significant quantiles, the average marginal implicit price of an additional wolf territory in the study area is around 3.35 million Swedish kronor (SEK) per year, namely 358 thousand Euros (EUR). This corresponds to an annual reduction in the mean hunting lease price per hectare by 21% in the municipality where the territory is established. Similarly, an additional lynx family group entails an average marginal implicit price of SEK 3.55 million (EUR 379 thousand) per year, and an additional brown bear individual entails an average marginal implicit price of nearly SEK 110 thousand (EUR 11.6 thousand) per year. The corresponding impact on the mean hunting lease price per hectare is a reduction by 22.4% and 0.6% for an additional lynx family group and an additional brown bear individual, respectively, in the municipality where the establishment occurs. Results can be useful for policies targeting the spatial distribution of large carnivores. © 2020 The Authors
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