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1.
  • Gerlee, Philip, 1980, et al. (författare)
  • Scientific Models : Red Atoms, White Lies and Black Boxes in a Yellow Book
  • 2016
  • Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • A zebrafish, the hull of a miniature ship, a mathematical equation and a food chain - what do these things have in common? They are examples of models used by scientists to isolate and study particular aspects of the world around us. This book begins by introducing the concept of a scientific model from an intuitive perspective, drawing parallels to mental models and artistic representations. It then recounts the history of modelling from the 16th century up until the present day. The iterative process of model building is described and discussed in the context of complex models with high predictive accuracy versus simpler models that provide more of a conceptual understanding. To illustrate the diversity of opinions within the scientific community, we also present the results of an interview study, in which ten scientists from different disciplines describe their views on modelling and how models feature in their work. Lastly, it includes a number of worked examples that span different modelling approaches and techniques. It provides a comprehensive introduction to scientific models and shows how models are constructed and used in modern science. It also addresses the approach to, and the culture surrounding modelling in different scientific disciplines. It serves as an inspiration for model building and also facilitates interdisciplinary collaborations by showing how models are used in different scientific fields. The book is aimed primarily at students in the sciences and engineering, as well as students at teacher training colleges but will also appeal to interested readers wanting to get an overview of scientific modelling in general and different modelling approaches in particular.
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2.
  • Gerlee, Philip, 1980, et al. (författare)
  • Scientific Models
  • 2016
  • Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • A zebrafish, the hull of a miniature ship, a mathematical equation and a food chain - what do these things have in common? They are examples of models used by scientists to isolate and study particular aspects of the world around us. This book begins by introducing the concept of a scientific model from an intuitive perspective, drawing parallels to mental models and artistic representations. It then recounts the history of modelling from the 16th century up until the present day. The iterative process of model building is described and discussed in the context of complex models with high predictive accuracy versus simpler models that provide more of a conceptual understanding. To illustrate the diversity of opinions within the scientific community, we also present the results of an interview study, in which ten scientists from different disciplines describe their views on modelling and how models feature in their work. Lastly, it includes a number of worked examples that span different modelling approaches and techniques. It provides a comprehensive introduction to scientific models and shows how models are constructed and used in modern science. It also addresses the approach to, and the culture surrounding modelling in different scientific disciplines. It serves as an inspiration for model building and also facilitates interdisciplinary collaborations by showing how models are used in different scientific fields. The book is aimed primarily at students in the sciences and engineering, as well as students at teacher training colleges but will also appeal to interested readers wanting to get an overview of scientific modelling in general and different modelling approaches in particular.
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3.
  • Gerlee, Philip, 1980, et al. (författare)
  • Vetenskapliga modeller : Svarta lådor, röda atomer och vita lögner
  • 2012
  • Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Vad har en zebrafisk, ett fartygsskrov i miniatyr, en matematisk ekvation och en näringskedja gemensamt? De är alla exempel på vetenskapliga modeller som används inom dagens forskning för att beskriva vår omvärld och gör det möjligt för forskare att isolera och i detalj studera ett visst fenomen. Boken inleds med att introducera begreppet på ett intuitivt plan, genom att dra paralleller till mentala modeller och konstnärliga representationer, och fortsätter med en historisk tillbakablick som sträcker sig från 1600-talet till nutid. Vi diskuterar också den iterativa konstruktionsprocessen och balansen mellan enkelhet och komplexitet som den innebär, vilket i sin tur är kopplat till avvägningen mellan en förklarande modell och en förutsägande. För att belysa skillnader mellan olika synsätt på modeller presenteras också en intervjustudie där forskare från tio stycken forskningsfält beskriver sin relation till modeller. Avslutningsvis innehåller boken ett kapitel där typiska modeller från flera discipliner beskrivs i detalj. Syftet med denna bok är att ge en övergripande introduktion till vetenskapliga modeller och visa hur modeller är uppbyggda samt hur de används inom vetenskapligt arbete. Vi hoppas också att den kan tjäna som inspiration till nya modeller och även underlätta det interdisciplinära samtalet. Boken vänder sig i första hand till studenter på landets ingenjörs- och naturvetarprogram samt till studenter på lärarhögskolorna, men även till dig som har ett vetenskapligt intresse och vill få en översikt av modellering i stort och olika modelleringstraditioner i synnerhet.
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4.
  • Gerlee, Philip, 1980, et al. (författare)
  • Vetenskapliga modeller
  • 2012
  • Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Vad har en zebrafisk, ett fartygsskrov i miniatyr, en matematisk ekvation och en näringskedja gemensamt? De är alla exempel på vetenskapliga modeller som används inom dagens forskning för att beskriva vår omvärld och gör det möjligt för forskare att isolera och i detalj studera ett visst fenomen.Boken inleds med att introducera begreppet på ett intuitivt plan, genom att dra paralleller till mentala modeller och konstnärliga representationer, och fortsätter med en historisk tillbakablick som sträcker sig från 1600-talet till nutid. Vi diskuterar också den iterativa konstruktionsprocessen och balansen mellan enkelhet och komplexitet som den innebär, vilket i sin tur är kopplat till avvägningen mellan en förklarande modell och en förutsägande. För att belysa skillnader mellan olika synsätt på modeller presenteras också en intervjustudie där forskare från tio stycken forskningsfält beskriver sin relation till modeller. Avslutningsvis innehåller boken ett kapitel där typiska modeller från flera discipliner beskrivs i detalj.Syftet med denna bok är att ge en övergripande introduktion till vetenskapliga modeller och visa hur modeller är uppbyggda samt hur de används inom vetenskapligt arbete. Vi hoppas också att den kan tjäna som inspiration till nya modeller och även underlätta det interdisciplinära samtalet.Boken vänder sig i första hand till studenter på landets ingenjörs- och naturvetarprogram samt till studenter på lärarhögskolorna, men även till dig som har ett vetenskapligt intresse och vill få en översikt av modellering i stort och olika modelleringstraditioner i synnerhet.
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5.
  • Airaud, M, et al. (författare)
  • Biologie - Les manuels visuels pour la Licence
  • 2018
  • Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • En couleurs et très illustré, ce manuel a été conçu pour vous qui débutez un cursus scientifique universitaire. Il vous permettra d’acquérir les connaissances fondamentales en biologie, mais aussi la démarche et la rigueur scientifiques indispensables aux études supérieures. De multiples rubriques vous garantissent un apprentissage progressif et complet : un cours visuel avec de nombreux exemples concrets pour introduire et illustrer les notions et concepts clés ; des encadrés méthodologiques pour vous guider vers les bonnes pratiques et vous faire découvrir les grandes méthodes expérimentales ; des focus sur des applications, sujets de recherche ou thèmes d’actualité ; des repères historiques ; de nombreux QCM et exercices (tous corrigés) pour tester vos acquis et vous entraîner.
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6.
  • Kjellander, Roland, 1948 (författare)
  • En molekylär introduktion till termodynamik
  • 2020
  • Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Begreppen entropi och fri energi har genom tiderna visat sig särskilt svåra att få grepp om och att förstå för så gott som alla studenter. Termodynamik framställs vanligen på ett ganska matematiskt och abstrakt sätt, vilket ger upphov till denna sorts svårighet. Denna bok visar dock att det inte alltid krävs en massa matematik för att få en intuitiv förståelse av termodynamikens väsentligaste principer om de belyses utifrån molekylära sammanhang. Framställningen är i stor utsträckning baserad på bilder och enkla resonemang som leder till de korrekta matematiska sambanden. Boken är upplagd så att den kan användas på förstaårsnivå och uppåt inom universitets- och högskolestudier i naturvetenskapliga ämnen. Den kan läsas som en fristående bok eller utgöra ett komplement till den gängse kurslitteraturen.
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7.
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8.
  • Mamontov, Eugen, 1955, et al. (författare)
  • High-Dimensional Nonlinear Diffusion Stochastic Pprocesses. Modelling for Engineering Applications
  • 2001
  • Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This book is the first one devoted to high-dimensional (or large-scale) diffusion stochastic processes (DSPs) with nonlinear coefficients. These processes are closely associated with nonlinear Ito's stochastic ordinary differential equations (ISODEs) and with the space-discretized versions of nonlinear Ito's stochastic partial integro-differential equations. The latter models include Ito's stochastic partial differential equations (ISPDEs). The book presents the new analytical treatment which can serve as the basis of a combined, analytical-numerical approach to greater computational efficiency in engineering problems. A few examples discussed in the book include: the high-dimensional DSPs described with the ISODE systems for semiconductor circuits; the nonrandom model for stochastic resonance (and other noise-induced phenomena) in high-dimensional DSPs; the modification of the well-known stochastic-adaptive-interpolation method by means of bases of function spaces; ISPDEs as the tool to consistently model non-Markov phenomena; the ISPDE system for semiconductor devices; the corresponding classification of charge transport in macroscale, mesoscale and microscale semiconductor regions based on the wave-diffusion equation; the fully time-domain nonlinear-friction aware analytical model for the velocity covariance of particle of uniform fluid, simple or dispersed; the specific time-domain analytics for the long, non-exponential "tails" of the velocity in case of the hard-sphere fluid. These examples demonstrate not only the capabilities of the developed techniques but also emphasize the usefulness of the complex-system-related approaches to solve some problems which have not been solved with the traditional, statistical-physics methods yet. From this veiwpoint, the book can be regarded as a kind of complement to such books as "Introduction to the Physics of Complex Systems. The Mesoscopic Approach to Fluctuations, Nonlinearity and Self-Organization" by Serra, Andretta, Compiani and Zanarini, "Stochastic Dynamical Systems. Concepts, Numerical Methods, Data Analysis" and "Statistical Physics: An Advanced Approach with Applications" by Honerkamp which deal with physics of complex systems, some of the corresponding analysis methods and an innovative, stochastics-based vision of theoretical physics. To facilitate the reading by nonmathematicians, the introductory chapter outlines the basic notions and results of theory of Markov and diffusion stochastic processes without involving the measure-theoretical approach. This presentation is based on probability densities commonly used in engineering and applied sciences.
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9.
  • Omstedt, Anders, 1949 (författare)
  • Guide to process based modelling of lakes and coastal seas
  • 2011
  • Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The intent of Guide to process based modeling of lakes and coastal seas is to introduce its readers to the subject, giving them a basic scientific understanding of and needed tools for aquatic studies. The book encourages the reader to solve geophysical problems using a systematic, process based approach. This approach divides the studied water body into dynamically relevant parts or natural sub-basins and identifies the major processes involved in the problem. Based on field observations and simplifications, the dynamics are then expressed mathematically, and tested carefully against relevant analytical solutions, extremes, and observations. After a background in lake and coastal seas physics and biogeochemistry the modeling started by addressing the Ekman ocean boundary layer. This gave the reader insight into numerical modeling and the importance of considering analytical solutions; we also learned how to test a solution for grid independence and time resolution. The next section considered the modeling of lakes. A simple slab model was developed for shallow lakes, while for deep lakes we considered how to model the effects of pressure on the temperature of maximum density. We learned how to read meteorological data and calculate corresponding heat fluxes at the atmosphere–water interface. The first ocean model was then developed by adding the salinity equation to the lake model. Basin geometry and river runoff were added to the model and the heat and salt conservation properties were investigated. The reader discovered that salt conservation was quite easily achieved; heat conservation, however, required that sea ice be included in the model. This was the topic of the next section, which considered the modeling of sea ice with its new boundary conditions. The importance of turbulent modeling was studied in the next section. Various models, from zero-equation to two-equation models, were investigated. The reader learned the importance of employing good turbulent models and of considering deepwater mixing. Then, we addressed how to include tides in the modeling by adding the horizontal pressure gradients modeled from tidal sea level variations. The first biogeochemical application was to model oxygen dynamics, and the reader learned how to add one more equation to the physical equation system. Another equation for plankton growth and mineralization was added in the next section. Oxygen concentration was related to plankton growth and mineralization, and the reader learned that understanding the nutrient dynamics called for further equations. One nutrient equation, representing phosphorus, was then added to the marine system and nutrient limitation was investigated. To learn more about the carbon system, we modeled the inorganic carbon dynamics. The importance of introducing biological processes when modeling the CO2 system was further investigated. The construction of nets of coupled sub-basins was then analyzed, and the first section addressed the modeling of two coupled basins. This exercise taught the reader to add one more sub-basin to the system. The PROBE-Baltic marine system was introduced, and the first application included only physical processes. Using this version, we could study several model aspects, such as turbulent mixing, dense bottom currents, heat and ice dynamics, water and heat budgets, and air–sea–land interactions. The second application included oxygen concentrations as well, giving a tool for studying, for example, the interaction between inflow dynamics and oxygen reduction due to biological mineralization. Finally, the third application included physical–biogeochemical dynamics, in particular, the CO2 system. This version allowed the study of aspects such as acid–base (pH) balance, biological production, and interaction with climate. Various aspects of lakes and coastal seas were illustrated with a number of exercises, and their solutions were worked through in Chapter 6. The appendixes to the book touch on various matters, including a short introduction to FORTRAN, nomenclature, data and programs needed for the book, the PROBE Manual, and a discussion on reconstructions of past aquatic conditions. With growing access to data on the Internet, it will become increasingly easier to analyze various water bodies, ranging from small lakes to coastal seas and ocean basins. Much can be learned using a process based approach, and one of its strengths is that it focuses on process understanding rather than numerical methods. It is therefore my hope that this book will stimulate students and researchers to develop their modeling skill and make model codes and data transparent to other research groups.
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10.
  • Buckland, Philip I., 1973- (författare)
  • The Bugs Coleopteran Ecology Package (BugsCEP) : the development and implementation of software for palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatological research
  • 2009
  • Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This book describes the development and practical application of a unique database orientated software package, BugsCEP, for environmental, climatic and biodiversity reconstruction from beetle assemblages. BugsCEP consists of a database of ecology and distribution data for over 9400 insect taxa, and includes temperature tolerance data for 436 species. It contains abundance and summary data for over 770 sites, most of the known European Quaternary fossil coleopteran record, supported by a bibliography of over 3700 sources. Built in statistics, including a specially developed habitat classification system, provide semi-quantitative environmental reconstructions to aid in the interpretation of sites. BugsCEP's querying and reporting functions also increase the efficiency with which analyses can be undertaken, including the facility to explore the fossil record of species by searching ecology and distribution data. The Mutual Climatic Range (MCR) reconstruction method is implemented and improved upon, including predictive modelling and the graphical output of reconstructions and climate space maps. BugsCEP is available from www.bugscep.com.
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