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Sökning: db:Swepub > (2010-2011) > Umeå universitet > Lantbruksvetenskap

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1.
  • Lindroos, Ola, et al. (författare)
  • Accident rates and types among self-employed private forest owners
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 42, s. 1729-1735
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Half of all Swedish forests are owned by private individuals, and at least 215,000 people work in these privately owned forest holdings. However, only lethal accidents are systematically monitored among self-employed forest workers. Therefore, data from the registries of the Swedish Work Environment Authority, the Labor Insurance Organization and the regional University Hospital in Umea were gathered to allow us to perform a more in-depth assessment of the rate and types of accidents that occurred among private forest owners.We found large differences between the registries in the type and number of accidents that were reported. We encountered difficulties in defining "self-employed forest worker" and also in determining whether the accidents that did occur happened during work or leisure time. Consequently, the estimates for the accident rate that we obtained varied from 32 to >= 4300 injured persons per year in Sweden, depending on the registry that was consulted, the definition of the sample population that was used, and the accident severity definition that was employed. Nevertheless, the different registries gave a consistent picture of the types of accidents that occur while individuals are participating in self-employed forestry work. Severe accidents were relatively common, as self-employed forestry work fatalities constituted 7% of the total number of fatalities in the work authority registry. Falling trees were associated with many of these fatal accidents as well as with accidents that resulted in severe non-fatal injuries. Thus, unsafe work methods appeared more related to the occurrence of an accident than the equipment that was being used at the time of the accident (e.g., a chainsaw). Improvement of the workers' skills should therefore be considered to be an important prevention measure that should be undertaken in this field.The challenges in improving the safety in these smallest of companies, which fall somewhere between the purview of occupational and consumer safety, are exemplified and discussed. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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2.
  • Norman Haldén, Anna, et al. (författare)
  • Oral exposure of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) to 2,4,6-tribromophenol affects reproduction
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Aquatic Toxicology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-445X .- 1879-1514. ; 100, s. 30-37
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The bromophenol 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP) is widely used as an industrial chemical, formed by degradation of tetrabromobisphenol-A, and it occurs naturally in marine organisms. Concentrations of TBP in fish have been related to intake via feed, but little is known about effects on fish health after oral exposure. In this study, we exposed adult male and female zebrafish (Danio rerio) to TBP via feed in nominal concentrations of 33, 330, and 3300??g/g feed (or control feed) for 6 weeks to assess the effects of TBP on reproductive output, gonad morphology, circulatory vitellogenin levels, and early embryo development. The aim was also to investigate the extent to which TBP was metabolised to 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (TBA) in dietary exposed zebrafish, and the amounts of TBP and TBA found in offspring. After 6 weeks of exposure, we found about 3% of the daily dose of TBP in adult fish and the mean concentration of TBA was 25–30% of the TBP concentration. TBP and TBA were detected in offspring with wet weight-based egg/fish concentration ratios well below one. Exposure to TBP significantly reduced the fertilization success and disturbed the gonad morphology, i.e. fewer spermatid cysts in males and increased presence of atretic follicles and oocytes with decreased vitellogenesis in females. In females, the disturbed gonad morphology was accompanied by increased levels of circulating vitellogenin. Significant effects were observed at 3300??g/g feed. Offspring early development was not significantly affected, but yolk-sac oedema tended to increase in frequency in exposed groups with time. Our results show that dietary exposure to TBP, at concentrations found in marine organisms that are part of the natural diet of wild fish, can interfere with reproduction in zebrafish. We also observed low accumulation from feed of TBP in zebrafish and biotransformation of TBP to TBA. This is the first paper showing gonadal histopathological changes and effects on fertility in TBP exposed fish
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3.
  • Ohlsson, Anders (författare)
  • Theoretical model of the abiotic component of soil (CO2)-C-13 tracer efflux in C-13 pulse-labeling experiments on plant-soil systems
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Soil Biology and Biochemistry. - Oxford : Pergamon Press. - 0038-0717 .- 1879-3428. ; 43:3, s. 675-681
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • For measurement of the time lag between photosynthesis and CO2 efflux from soil, the carbon isotope pulse-labeling technique is considered as the most suitable. However, an interference from the abiotic tracer CO2 component is identified as a key difficulty for obtaining accurate results with this technique. Guidelines on how to reduce this interference are therefore urgently needed. The flux of abiotic (CO2)-C-13 tracer into soil during the labeling stage, and its return to atmosphere during the monitoring stage was modeled numerically, and the labeling stage also analytically. The controls of the abiotic interference were investigated using these models. The amount of the abiotic tracer component and the time distribution of its rate of return to the atmosphere, were predicted by these models. The main model parameters were D-m (=the ratio between the soil (CO2)-C-13 diffusivity and the retardation factor), and the (CO2)-C-13 concentration at the soil atmosphere interface during the labeling stage (S-13), while background (CO2)-C-13 soil production parameters were unnecessary. The presented models guide the selection of experimental parameters for minimization of the abiotic interference. With parameterization for a particular case, the present numerical model provides a preliminary order-of-magnitude estimate of the abiotic component, which would indicate if this interference is of significance.
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6.
  • Bergh, Anna, et al. (författare)
  • Evaluation of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on fibre characteristics and oxidative capacity in equine skeletal muscles
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Equine Veterinary Journal. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0425-1644 .- 2042-3306. ; 42:Suppl 38, s. 671-675
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Reasons for performing study: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is used to increase or maintain muscle strength during rehabilitation. Human studies investigating different protocols show that some treatments induce changes in muscle characteristics. Despite the frequent use of NMES in horses, no studies have been published describing its efficacy.Objectives: To investigate the effects of a NMES protocol on equine fibre types and areas, glycogen concentrations and enzyme activities.Methods: NMES was administrated to m. gluteus medius and m. longissimus dorsi, on one side of 6 healthy Standardbred horses. The contralateral side of each muscle served as a nonstimulated control. The horses were stimulated at 50 Hz a day, with 21-39 mA, for 45-60 min, 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Needle biopsies were obtained from the muscles on both sides before and after the experimental period. Muscle samples were analysed for fibre type proportions and area using histochemical methods and for glycogen and enzyme activities (citrate synthase, 3-OH-acyl CoA dehydrogenase, hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase) using biochemical methods. Muscle contractions at the location and depth of the muscle biopsy were confirmed by diagnostic ultrasound. Nonparametric tests (Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon sign-rank) were used for statistical analysis. Results: No significant differences were observed in the percentage of types I, IIA or IIX fibres, fibre areas, glycogen levels or enzyme activities either when comparing stimulated and nonstimulated muscles before and after the NMES treatment, or when comparing the left and right muscle samples.Conclusions: The NMES treatment was well tolerated by the horses, but the present protocol did not induce significant muscle adaptations. Further studies are needed to describe the effect of more intense and/or prolonged NMES treatment protocols on muscles of healthy horses, and to describe if stimulation protocols induce positive changes in atrophied muscles.
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7.
  • Brännlund, Runar (författare)
  • Editorial
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Journal of Forest Economics. - : Elsevier. - 1104-6899 .- 1618-1530. ; 17:4, s. 335-336
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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8.
  • Jansson, K. Ulrika, et al. (författare)
  • Length and classification of natural and created forest edges in boreal landscapes throughout northern Sweden
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Forest Ecology and Management. - : Elsevier. - 0378-1127 .- 1872-7042. ; 262:3, s. 461-469
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Forest edges have numerous implications for structure and function of forest ecosystems. Previous studies on edge quantity have used broad classifications. However, edge influence is driven by the contrast in vegetation structure between adjoining ecosystems, and thus we need detailed site-specific data to assess the role of edges in forests. We studied the variability of sharp edges in 28 boreal landscapes (4 km × 4 km) across an 830 km gradient throughout northern Sweden. Our objectives were: (1) to compare the length of natural and created edges, (2) to classify edges in detail by edge origin, maintenance and forest attributes, and (3) to examine relationships between length of edge and landscape variables. Data were collected using stereo-interpretation of high spatial resolution colour infrared aerial photographs, in combination with line intersect sampling and plots. The length of edge varied from 12 to 102 m ha−1 among landscapes, with an overall mean of 54 m ha−1. Created edges dominated most landscapes (mean 33 m ha−1) and had greater variability than natural edges (mean 21 m ha−1). Maintained edges (e.g. roads, agricultural land) were more abundant than regenerating edges caused by logging. Thirty percent of total edges adjoined narrow linear features. Seventy percent adjoined wider patches and showed high variability (35 classes). Overall, high-contrast edges towards mature forest dominated, i.e. ones that may experience strong edge influence. The amount of edge increased with percent of landscape affected by disturbance, and decreased with latitude and elevation. This study shows that edges are both abundant and highly variable in boreal forests and that forestry is the main driver behind edge creation. Detailed classification of edges based on site-specific forest and patch attributes may help to estimate edge influence at landscape level, and can guide experimental design for examining the impact of edges on structure and function of forest ecosystems.
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9.
  • Keskitalo, E. Carina H., et al. (författare)
  • Preparing for and Responding to Disturbance : Examples from the Forest Sector in Sweden and Canada
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Forests. - : MDPI AG. - 1999-4907 .- 1999-4907. ; 2:2, s. 505-524
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Coping or adaptation following large-scale disturbance may depend on the political system and its preparedness and policy development in relation to risks. Adaptive or foresight planning is necessary in order to account and plan for potential risks that may increase or take place concurrently with climate change. Forests constitute relevant examples of large-scale renewable resource systems that have been directly affected by recent environmental and social changes, and where different levels of management may influence each other. This article views disturbances in the forest sectors of Sweden and Canada, two large forest nations with comparable forestry experiences, in order to elucidate the preparedness and existing responses to multiple potential stresses. The article concludes that the two countries are exposed to stresses that indicate the importance of the governing and institutional system particularly with regard to multi-level systems including federal and EU levels. While economic change largely results in privatization of risk onto individual companies and their economic resources (in Canada coupled with a contestation of institutional systems and equity in these), storm and pest outbreaks in particular challenge institutional capacities at administrative levels, within the context provided by governance and tenure systems.
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10.
  • Klaus, Marcus, et al. (författare)
  • Integrated methodology to assess windthrow impacts on forest stands under climate change
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Forest Ecology and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1127 .- 1872-7042. ; 261:11, s. 1799-1810
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Storms have a high potential to cause severe ecological and economic losses in forests. We performed a logistic regression analysis to create a storm damage sensitivity index for North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, based on damage data of the storm event "Kyrill". Future storm conditions were derived from two regional climate models. We combined these measures to an impact metric, which is embedded in a broader vulnerability framework and quantifies the impacts of winter storms under climate change until 2060. Sensitivity of forest stands to windthrow was mainly driven by a high proportion of coniferous trees, a complex orography and poor quality soils. Both climate models simulated an increase in the frequency of severe storms, whereby differences between regions and models were substantial. Potential impacts will increase although they will vary among regions with the highest impacts in the mountainous regions. Our results emphasise the need for combining storm damage sensitivity with climate change signals in order to develop forest protection measures.
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