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- Wingstedt, Johnny, 1954-
(författare)
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Exploring knowledge of music in multimodal narrative settings
- 2013
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Ingår i: Multimodalities<em></em>. ; , s. 14-14
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Music, used for narrative purposes in multimodal settings such as film, television and computer games is becoming one of the largest sources of musical experience in contemporary society. Although typically experienced on an unconscious and unreflected level, this kind of music actively contributes narrative meaning in multimodal interplay with other representational modes such as moving image, speech and sound effects. It seems that by engaging in social activities such as watching movies and playing computer games, we learn how to make sense of such musical functions, gaining knowledge necessary for interpreting stories multimodally told (Wingstedt, Brändström & Berg, 2010). A study was performed to make available for observation representations of knowledge, what could be described as ‘evidence of learning‘ of musical narrative functions (Wingstedt, 2008; Wingstedt, Brändström & Berg, 2008). A software tool (REMUPP) was designed, where seven musical parameters (semiotic resources of music) could modify musical expression in real time. Twenty-three participants, 12-13 years old, were given the task of designing music to fit different 3D-animated visual settings. They also answered a questionnaire giving information about their musical training and media habits. After each session they were interviewed in a stimulated recall situation, where they commented on their achieved musical expressions. Numerical data from the software was used to analyse textual aspects of the musical expressions, actualising ideational and interpersonal meanings. This was combined with analyses of the interviews and results of the questionnaires. The results indicated clearly expressed knowledge of culturally available musical narrative conventions. Combining analyses of the verbal expressions with the musical expressions contributed to a fuller and more nuanced account of the participants’ expressed musical knowledge. The results showed strong correlations to factors such as the participants’ musical backgrounds and habits of playing computer games and watching movies – highlighting the impact of the increasing availability of narrative media on our attitudes and knowledge.
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- Wingstedt, Johnny, 1954-
(författare)
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Ideational meaning potentials of narrative media music
- 2012
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Ingår i: 6th International Conference on Multimodality. ; , s. 130-130
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The question of musical meaning has been controversial and much debated over the years, especially music’s ability to express any kind of ‘content’ or ideational meaning. Wingstedt (2005, 2008) and Wingstedt et al. (2010) have discussed how narrative media music (music in film, computer games etc) can be categorized into six basic narrative functions: the informative, descriptive, emotive, guiding, rhetorical and temporal functions. These can in turn be put in relation to Halliday’s three metafunctions of communicational meaning (ideational, interpersonal, textual). This paper/presentation will discuss how narrative media music can express ideational meanings in defined narrative contexts, in interaction with other modes such as moving image, speech and sound design. The ideational metafunction is the content dimension of communication, representing what goes on in the world, ‘who does what, with or to whom and where’ (Kress et al, 2001:9). In multimodal narrative settings, music will typically contribute ideational meaning by informative and descriptive functions. In performing informative functions, music will often make use of culturally known and recognizable features expressed through different genres or specific musical compositions or performances. Typical examples are how music is used to establish cultural settings, as when playing ‘French music’ when a filmic narrative cuts to a location set in Paris – or using musical style to convey certain time periods or to indicate social events or status. The descriptive functions of narrative media music are akin to programme music, a type of art music attempting to render an extra-musical setting or narrative. This includes setting out to metaphorically describe attributes of physical atmosphere or environment, such as ‘the ocean’, ‘the pastoral’ or ‘the city’ – or by mimetically expressing physical movement, a technique that, when emphasized, is known as Mickey Mousing. Also, expressing mental processes or ‘observed emotions’ (rather than ‘experienced’), can be seen as descriptive functions of music. Musical narrative tools such as the use of leitmotifs (a recurring motif associated with characters, places or ideas of the narrative) will function on both an informative and descriptive level, symbolically representing a specific phenomenon and at the same time describing its attributes. The dramaturgical position of the music as being either diegetic (part of the spatio-temporal world of the story) or non-diegetic will also affect how ideational meaning is manifested. The different functions will be illustrated by using examples from various film scenes.
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