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- Dolles, Harald, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Participant observation in sport and event management research
- 2013
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Ingår i: Innovation and value creation in experience‐based tourism: Proceedings of the 22nd Nordic Symposium in Tourism and Hospitality Research. ; 22, s. 55-57
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Events, sport teams and projects exist precisely as a result of a camaraderie among the individuals that is not fully observable from the outside. Sport and event management scenarios require access to the ephemeral and the personal precisely because that is where the value that is inherent within them resides. It is for this reason we suggest the participant observation technique may usefully be applied to other related topics of interest. Participant observation is valuable in research on event management, fans and spectators or insights into the ‘dark side’ of sport such as hooliganism. The latter studies also explore the limits of the method, when participant observation comes close to breaking the law. It further encompasses investigations into sports or event brand communities and consumption cultures. It enables in-depth studies of event/sports organisations and their relations with the communities they represent. Finally, as our case has also shown, participant observation allows access to the complexities of volunteerism, entrepreneurship and the actors’ perspective in sport/events, and addresses calls for increased attention to and the subsequent understanding of volunteerism. We further suggest the method has applications in other growing fields of tourism and hospitality research interest such as environmental or humanitarian activism.
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| 2. |
- Dolles, Harald, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Entrepreneurship and the Carbon Market: Opportunities and Challenges for South African Entrepreneurs
- 2013
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Ingår i: AI & Society: The Journal of Human-Centred Systems and Machine Intelligence. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666. ; 29:3, s. 335-353
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Kyoto Protocol and its implementation brought forward issues of climate change and its mitigation strategy by national measures through the creation of market mechanisms in carbon trading. The trading of emission certificates has become an important trade commodity worldwide and its markets have diversified. While this opportunity has created new markets for entrepreneurs and actors that range from farmers to brokers, unequal involvement in most developing countries is noted. This has been mostly observed in those countries where entrepreneurship is often regarded as the cornerstone of economic growth and social improvement. South Africa has spearheaded other African countries in its implementation of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects leading to carbon trading. Based on our research on South African entrepreneurship and its involvement in the carbon market, we conclude that albeit a number of opportunities, the biggest challenge for entrepreneurial participation in the carbon market remains in the nature and processes of CDM project implementation, the lack of a clear supportive system, limited access to financing and – more importantly – general ignorance of the trading opportunities by entrepreneurs. The complex nature of CDM projects themselves limits participation due to lack of the necessary skills on the national level leading to uneven distribution of CDM projects on provincial levels in South Africa. Recommendations are provided to overcome the obstacles and to promote entrepreneurial activity in the carbon market.
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| 3. |
- Dolles, Harald, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Mega-sporting events and international marketing in emerging markets: Advertising patterns and market strategies of Beijing Olympic Games’ sponsoring partners
- 2013
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Ingår i: Shōgaku Ronsan, The Journal of Commerce. - 0286-7702. ; 54:3-4, s. 41-77
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sponsorship of mega-sporting events such as the Olympic Games the Football World Cup has become a multi-million dollar business. Established multinational enterprises and brands such as GE, VW or Coca-Cola use such events as an international marketing platform. But sponsoring mega-sporting sporting event has also developed as a strategic way for local companies to enter new markets or to prove themselves as being ready for the world market. This is especially the case, when the event takes place in an emerging market. Most sport sponsorship research has focused on the markets in North America, Europe or Australia, thus covering a different economic development and representing not the same market conditions. This research aims to fill the gap by describing and analysing the advertising behaviour of the sponsoring partners to the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008. A means-objective framework of sponsoring focussing on six factors was applied to analyse 739 advertisements, articles and press releases collected from Chinese newspapers and Chinese official web pages between 2001 and 2008. By applying a qualitative content analysis, we discovered eight dominant means-objectives combinations leading to different sponsor advertising strategies depending on the lead time to the Olympic Games and the level of internationalization of the sponsoring company.
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| 4. |
- Dolles, Harald, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Participant Observation in Sport Management Research: Collecting and Interpreting Data of a Successful World Land Speed Record Attempt
- 2013
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Ingår i: Handbook of Research of Sport and Business. - Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar. - 9781849800051 ; , s. 477-494
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter aims to introduce the participant observation technique as a method taken from ethnography into the field of research on sports management. The vast majority of sport management research uses questionnaires and interviews or relies on secondary data. A careful observation of ongoing behaviour by the researcher is often ignored, in most cases due to the lack of access. It is emphasized already by Vidich (1955) that what an observer will see shall be conditioned by his personal knowledge, and will depend largely on his particular position in a network of not purely academic relationships. Another reason why participant observation hasn’t made its way as a broadly accepted method into sport management research might be that the methodology of participant observation is sometimes considered epistemologically suspect (Bouchard, 1976; Bruyn, 1963, 1966). We will not look to unpack this reservation in detail in this chapter, but we will emphasize how participant observation could be meaningfully applied in sport management research to provide new insights not easily revealed by other research approaches. The chapter begins with a description of the research setting – the case of Flying Kiwi Promotions Ltd established in 2002 by Phil Garrett for the sole the purpose of breaking the world land speed record for motorcycle and sidecar combinations (i.e. sidecars; Figure 1). Next we will introduce participant observation as a research method and how it is applied in this research. In the analysis we will highlight insights gained by applying participant observation in regards to aspects of finance, promotion, organization and entrepreneurial coordination in the case. The chapter concludes with a discussion of issues raised in terms of their existing understanding in the sports management literature. We will also suggest other fields in sport management research, where this method could be meaningful applied.
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| 5. |
- Dolles, Harald, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Twenty years of development of the J-League : analysing the business parameters of professional football in Japan
- 2013
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Ingår i: Soccer & Society. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1466-0970 .- 1743-9590. ; 14:5, s. 702-721
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- By considering the implementation, as well as the immediate and sustainable success of the Japanese professional soccer (hence: football) league (J-League) during its first two decades as a neglected research example, we apply the ‘network of value captures’ research framework to the Japanese context. This research framework identifies and describes the business parameters of professional football by the following dimensions: (1) the product and its features; (2) various customer groups; and (3) the future vision of the club as central to different levels of strategy aggregation. The outcome of this research provides insight into the management of football in Japan by revealing different practices compared to Europe e.g. in target customer groups, in associated product marketing and merchandizing and in distribution of media revenues. The success story of the J-League also contributes to an increasing international awareness of Japanese football, its players and its fans.
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