| 1. |
- Svensson, Frans
(författare)
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Non-Eudaimonism, The Sufficiency of Virtue for Happiness, and Two Senses of the Highest Good in Descartes’s Ethics
- 2015
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Ingår i: British Journal for the History of Philosophy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0960-8788 .- 1469-3526. ; 23:2, s. 277-296
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In his reflections on ethics, Descartes distances himself from the eudaimonistic tradition in moral philosophy by introducing a distinction between happiness and the highest good. While happiness, in Descartes's view, consists in an inner state of complete harmony and satisfaction, the highest good instead consists in virtue, i.e. in 'a firm and constant resolution' (e.g. CSMK: 325/AT 5: 83) to always use our free will well or correctly. In Section 1 of this paper, I pursue the Cartesian distinction between happiness and the highest good in some detail. In Section 2, I discuss the question of how the motivation to virtue should be accounted for within Descartes's ethical framework. In Section 3, I turn to Descartes's defence of the view that virtue, while fundamentally distinct from happiness, is nevertheless sufficient for obtaining it. In the final section of the paper (Section 4), my concern is instead with a second and sometimes neglected distinction that Descartes makes between two different senses of the highest good. I show that this distinction does not remove the non-eudaimonistic character of Descartes's ethics suggested in Section 1, and present two reasons for why the distinction is important for Descartes's purposes.
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| 2. |
- Strimling, Pontus, et al.
(författare)
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The connection between moral positions and moral arguments drives opinion change
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature Human Behaviour. - : NLM (Medline). - 2397-3374. ; 3:9, s. 922-930
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Liberals and conservatives often take opposing positions on moral issues. But what makes a moral position liberal or conservative? Why does public opinion tend to become more liberal over time? And why does public opinion change especially fast on certain issues, such as gay rights? We offer an explanation based on how different positions connect with different kinds of moral arguments. Based on a formal model of opinion dynamics, we predicted that positions better connected to harm and fairness arguments will be more popular among liberals and will become more popular over time among liberals and conservatives. Finally, the speed of this trend will be faster the better the position connects to harm and fairness arguments. These predictions all held with high accuracy in 44 years of polling on moral opinions. The model explains the connection between ideology and moral opinions, and generates precise predictions for future opinion change.
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| 3. |
- El-Seedi, Hesham R., et al.
(författare)
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Plants mentioned in the Islamic Scriptures (Holy Qur'an and Ahadith) : Traditional uses and medicinal importance in contemporary times
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. - : Elsevier. - 0378-8741 .- 1872-7573. ; 243
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ethnopharmacological relevance: Over the past thousand years, Islamic physicians have collected cultural, philosophical, sociological and historical backgrounds for understanding diseases and medications. The Prophet Mohammed (Peace Be Upon Him (PBUH) said: "There is no disease that Allah has created, except that Allah also has created its cure." Therefore, Islamic scholars are encouraged to explore and use both traditional and modern forms of medicine. Aim of the study: (1) To identify some of the medicinal plants mentioned in the Holy Qur'an and Ahadith textbooks of the period 700-1500 AD; (2) to compare them with presently used traditional medicines; (3) to evaluate their value based on modern research; and (4) to investigate the contributions of Islamic scholars to the development of the scientific branches, particularly medicine. Materials and methods: A literature search was performed relating to 12 medicinal plants mentioned in the Holy Qur'an and Ahadith using textbooks, Al-Azhar scholars, published articles, the plant list website (http://www.theplantlist.org/), the medicinal plant names services website (http://mpns.kew.org/mpns-portal/) and web databases (PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar). Results and discussion: The Islamic Golden Age was a step towards modern medicine, with unique insights and multi-disciplinary aspects. Traditional Islamic Medicine has had a significant impact on the development of various medical, scientific and educational activities. Innumerable Muslim and non-Muslim physicians have built on the strong foundation of Traditional Islamic Medicine by translating the described natural remedies and effects. The influences of different ancient cultures on the traditional uses of natural products were also documented in Islamic Scriptures in the last part of the second millennium. The divine teachings of Islam combine natural and practical healing and incorporate inherited science and technology. Conclusion: In this review, we discuss Traditional Islamic Medicine with reference to both medical recommendations mentioned in the Holy Qur'an and Prophetic Traditional Medicine (al-Tibb al-Nabawi). Although the molecular mechanisms and functions of some of the listed medicinal plants and their derivatives have been intensively studied, some traditional remedies have yet to be translated into clinical applications.
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| 4. |
- Larsson, Göran, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Islam i Västeuropa och Förenta staterna
- 2015
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Ingår i: Islam - en religionsvetenskaplig introduktion, red. Susanne Olsson & Simon Sorgenfrei. - Stockholm : Liber. - 9789147112043 ; , s. 322-343
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 5. |
- Lundgren, Björn
(författare)
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Ethical machine decisions and the input-selection problem
- 2021
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Ingår i: Synthese. - : Springer. - 0039-7857 .- 1573-0964. ; 199:3-4, s. 11423-11443
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article is about the role of factual uncertainty for moral decision-making as it concerns the ethics of machine decision-making (i.e., decisions by AI systems, such as autonomous vehicles, autonomous robots, or decision support systems). The view that is defended here is that factual uncertainties require a normative evaluation and that ethics of machine decision faces a triple-edged problem, which concerns what a machine ought to do, given its technical constraints, what decisional uncertainty is acceptable, and what trade-offs are acceptable to decrease the decisional uncertainty.
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| 6. |
- Rydell Johnsén, Henrik
(författare)
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Asketism
- 2021
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Ingår i: Religionshistoria. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144134222 ; , s. 335-346
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
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The Ethos of History : Time and Responsibility
- 2018
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- At a time when rapidly evolving technologies, political turmoil, and the tensions inherent in multiculturalism and globalization are reshaping historical consciousness, what is the proper role for historians and their work? By way of an answer, the contributors to this volume offer up an illuminating collective meditation on the idea of ethos and its relevance for historical practice. These intellectually adventurous essays demonstrate how ethos—a term evoking a society’s “fundamental character” as well as an ethical appeal to knowledge and commitment—can serve as a conceptual lodestar for history today, not only as a narrative, but as a form of consciousness and an ethical-political orientation.
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| 8. |
- Arentzen, Thomas, docent, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Wisdom on the Move : An Introduction
- 2020
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Ingår i: Wisdom on the Move: Late Antique Traditions in Multicultural Conversation. - Leiden : Brill Nijhoff. - 0920-623X. - 9789004430693 - 9789004430747 ; , s. 1-10
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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