| 1. |
- Olsson, Ulf
(författare)
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OM FRISKVÅRDSPEDAGOGIK I ARBETSLIVET. : EN O/RÄTTVIS BETRAKTELSE.
- 1993
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I fokus för detta arbete står friskvård inom arbetslivet som pedagogisk praktik med hälsoprofilsbedömning, en metod för undersökning och påverkan av människors hälsostatus och hälsovanor, som konkret exempel. En bakgrund till detta är framväxten av insatser för folkhälsa och den ökade betoning av friskvård inom arbetslivet som skett inom såväl privat som offentlig sektor. Friskvård handlar om människors levnadsvanor när det gäller kost, motion, stress, alkohol, tobak m.m.Hälsoprofilsbedömning och friskvårdspedagogik inom arbetslivet ses här ur två olika perspektiv. Ur det ena perspektivet behandlas verksamheten på dess egna villkor - som en metod att inom ramen för arbetslivet få till stånd ner hälsosamma livsstilar genom kontrakt mellan självständiga parter. Det andra perspektivet kan ses som kritiskt granskande. Här ifrågasätts premissema för hälsoprofilsbedömningen utifrån begrepp som makt och disciplinering. En inspirationskälla har därvid bland annat Michel Foucaults arbeten varit. Som empiriskt material för analysen används två avhandlingar som presenterar hälsoprofilbedömningen som metod.Ur dessa båda perspektiv erhålles två olika betraktelser om hälsoprofilsbedömning och friskvårdspedagogik inom arbetslivet - en rättvis och en orättvis. På basis av en kritisk pragmatisk ansats diskuteras möjligheten till ett samtal baserad på relationen mellan de båda betrakelserna.
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| 2. |
- Winblad von Walter, Louise
(författare)
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Physiological and behavioural responses to fear and discomfort in dogs and goats
- 2010
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this thesis, behavioural and physiological methods were combined to better understand reactions to fearful situations in dogs and separation in goats. Fear of gunshots is common in dogs, but also other fears, such as fear of walking on certain floors. The aim of the dog study was to establish whether it is possible to separate dogs that are fearful of floors and gunshots from dogs that do not fear these factors. This was done by studying behaviour and changes in heart rate, haematocrit, plasma cortisol, progesterone, testosterone, vasopressin and β-endorphin concentrations in thirteen dogs during a floor test and a gunshot test. Seven dogs that were fearful of floors had higher heart rate than six dogs that were fearless. However, seven dogs fearful of gunshots had higher heart rate, haematocrit and plasma concentrations of cortisol, progesterone, vasopressin and β-endorphin than six fearless dogs which demonstrates that fear of gunshots is a serious stress for the individual. The behavioural expression of fearfulness showed a large variation between individuals. The hypothesis of the goat study was that abrupt separation affects physiology and behaviour of the goats. For comparison, seven goats with their kids were first studied during suckling, a situation considered pleasant and peaceful. 3-4 days after parturition, goats and kids were separated. Suckling did not induce any cardiovascular changes in the goats. Plasma concentrations of cortisol and ß-endorphin increased, but oxytocin and vasopressin remained unaffected. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure and plasma concentrations of cortisol, β-endorphin, oxytocin and vasopressin did not change after separation. However, both goats and kids vocalised intensively. In conclusion, behavioural signs of fear and discomfort in animals are not always accompanied by corresponding changes in physiological variables. Combining both physiology and ethology is therefore desirable in evaluation of animal welfare.
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| 3. |
- Elving, Josefine
(författare)
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Pathogen inactivation and regrowth in organic waste during biological treatment
- 2009
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- After proper sanitation treatment, organic wastes such as animal by-products, e.g.catering waste, slaughterhouse waste and manure can be used as fertilisers and soil conditioners and thereby contribute to a sustainable society. However, organic waste may contain pathogenic microorganisms and can thus present a health risk to both humans and animals if not properly treated. In the present thesis regrowth potential of Salmonella Typhimurium, Enterococcus spp. and coliforms in organic waste at psychrophilic and mesophilic temperatures and the time and temperature combinations required for pathogen inactivation during thermal treatments was investigated. This was done with the aim to contribute to hygienically safe recycling of organic waste. Pathogen growth was observed in active compost material as well as in fresh cattle manure. The growth potential decreased with increased maturity of the compost. In thermal treatment of fresh cattle manure, a treatment temperature of 52°C and a retention time of 17.2 h or a temperature of 55°C during 16.9 h were needed to achieve the reduction targets set by current EU regulation in terms of bacterial reduction. However, this time and temperature combination was not sufficient to achieve the reduction target of 3 log10 for parvovirus as a thermoresistant virus. The inactivation rate of Salmonella Senftenberg W775 and Enterococcus spp. were found to increase with increased moisture content whereas the opposite relationship between inactivation rate and moisture content was observed for viruses.
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| 4. |
- Emmoth, Eva
(författare)
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Virus inactivation : evaluation of processes used in biowaste management
- 2010
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Animal by-products (ABP) Category 3 includes hatchery waste, and also slaughterhouse waste and manure, aimed for use in biogas production. In order to be used as fertilisers, they must be sanitised to reduce pathogenic microorganisms. The initial European regulations regarding processing standards for ABP intended for use in e.g. biogas plants (EC No. 1774/2002) stipulated thermal treatment at 70°C for 60 min. A subsequent amendment (EC No. 208/2006) stated that a validated treatment process may be used if it can show a reduction in thermo-resistant viruses of at least 3 log10, whenever deamed a risk. Thermal treatments of biogas substrate at 70°C and at 55°C, using porcine parvovirus and swine vesicular disease virus, were performed. As a chemical sanitisation process regarding hatchery waste, ammonia inactivation was tested using the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H7N1 and the low pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N3. Models for other avian pathogenic ssRNA viruses were bovine parainfluenza virus 3, feline calicivirus and feline coronavirus. As possible indicators for monitoring virus inactivation, bacteriophages MS2, ΦX174, and 28b were evaluated. Thermal treatment at 70°C for 60 min inactivated porcine parvovirus by 2.6 log10, while phage 28b was unaffected. Swine vesicular disease virus was undetectable after 30 min. Using too thermostable viruses as models for sufficient virus reduction in thermal treatments regarding Category 3 ABP materials and manure intended for biogas or composting plants, according to EU regulations, would make demands on other time-temperature combinations very strict. All viruses tested were efficiently inactivated by ammonia treatment in hatchery waste, while phage ΦX174 proved too conservative to be used as indicator. Using phage MS2 as a stable indicator to monitor a 3 log10 reduction of ssRNA virus showed that addition of 0.5% w/w ammonia is required, followed by storage for at least 31 h at ≥14°C. In case of an outbreak of e.g. avian influenza, storage for two days at the same conditions was estimated.
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| 5. |
- Mahgiubi, Shaima A. M.
(författare)
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Effects of octylphenol on sexual development and reproduction in zebrafish
- 2011
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Anthropogenic chemicals released into the aquatic environment can disrupt the normal function(s) of an organism's endocrine system and thereby adversely affect reproduction and development. This has led to the development of robust fish tests to detect and assess endocrine active chemicals. This thesis investigated developmental and reproductive effects of exposure to octylphenol (OP) in zebrafish. Zebrafish were exposed to OP in a Fish Sexual Development Test (FSDT) to investigate effects on sexual development. The main endpoints were vitellogenin induction and gonad development, including sex ratios. Zebrafish were also exposed to OP in a Fish Full Life Cycle test (FFLC) and a Fish Short Term Reproduction Assay (FSTRA) to investigate effects on different reproductive processes; i.e. gonad development, sexual phenotype and reproductive performance. Exposures to OP resulted in shifts in sex ratios, suppression in ovarian development, impairment in reproduction and reduction in growth, whereas no effects on VTG levels were observed. Conclusively, both the FSDT and FFLC test, but not the FSTRA, were sensitive tests for detection of endocrine-related effects of the weak estrogen OP. This thesis shows that OP, acting as a weak estrogen, has a negative impact on sexual development and maturation as well as reproduction in zebrafish.
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| 6. |
- Metreveli, Giorgi
(författare)
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Swine influenza A virus subtype H1N2 in Sweden
- 2012
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The influenza A virus subtypes H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 are prevalent in pig populations worldwide. All scientific data point towards swine as the key host species when new human influenza pandemics arise. All previous pandemics have been suggested to evolve in pigs from viral genes of avian, human and porcine origin. Therefore, it is of major importance to monitor the evolution of swine influenza viruses in pigs, and in particular monitor hallmarks of species adaptation to humans.The scope of this project was to increase the understanding of the genetics of swine influenza virus (SIV), with special emphasis on its zoonotic potential, and to investigate the importance of different viral gene markers for species specificity and adaptation. Since clinical manifestation of swine influenza is rare in Sweden, and SIV strains are of particular concern due to the novel human H1N1 epidemic, viruses were isolated in primary swine kidney or Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells, based on standard protocols and the isolates were subjected to full genome sequencing and comparative sequence analysis of the viral genomes. The results describe the analysis of the whole genome sequences from two swine influenza viruses isolated from Sweden in 2009 and 2010. Moreover, this study demonstrates, for the first time, natural reassortment in H1N2 viruses in the pig populations of Sweden. Biological characterization of the two viruses revealed a weaker growing potential, compared to the Swedish 2002 H1N1 isolate. Sequence comparison revealed significant differences between the two consecutive H1N2 isolates. The most remarkable of these was a truncated coding region for PB1-F2 in the earlier isolates and a full length coding region in the more recent isolates. In order to determine the effect of these viruses on the swine industry and on influenza ecology, further surveillance investigations and detailed analyses are needed.
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| 7. |
- Yagdiran, Yagmur
(författare)
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Transport proteins in mammary epithelial cells : studies in murine (HC11) and bovine (BME-UV) cells - effects of prochloraz
- 2015
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Transporters localized in membranes of secreting mammary epithelial cells are involved in delivery of essential nutrients into milk. However, drugs and other xenobiotics may be substrates of these transporters and thus be actively secreted into milk, which may pose a health threat to breastfed infants and dairy consumers. Aims of the thesis were to determine expressions of drug transporters in mammary gland tissue and to assess mammary cell models for studies of these proteins. Gene expressions of members of the ABC (BCRP/ABCG2, MDR1/ABCB1, MRP1/ABCC1) and SLC (OATP1A2/SLCO1A2, OCTN1/SLC22A4, OCT1/SLC22A1) families were measured in murine and bovine mammary tissue and in murine (HC11) and bovine (BME-UV) mammary epithelial cell lines. BCRP function was assessed by transport experiments with mitoxantrone (MX) in HC11 cells. Effects of the imidazole fungicide prochloraz on transporter expression and function in HC11 and BME-UV cells were examined. Expressions of BCRP and OCT1 in murine mammary glands were increased during gestation and lactation, whereas MDR1, MRP1, OATP1A2 and OCTN1 were decreased, compared to expression in virgins. All transporters measured in mammary glands of mice were detected in bovine mammary tissue. All transporters investigated in vivo were also detected in HC11 cells, while only MDR1 and MRP1 were detected in BME-UV cells. Differentiation of HC11 cells resulted in increased BCRP protein expression, while MDR1 expression was reduced. The BCRP inhibitor elacridar reduced secretion and increased accumulation of MX in both undifferentiated and differentiated HC11 cells. An increased accumulation of MX was observed in BCRP gene silenced HC11 cells. Prochloraz treatment induced MDR1 gene expression and protein function in both differentiated HC11 and BME-UV cells, resulting in decreased accumulation of the MDR1 substrate digoxin. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the HC11 and BME-UV mammary cell models are valuable tools for identifying substrates, inhibitors and inducers of transport proteins expressed in the mammary epithelium during lactation. The models can be used both to examine if chemical compounds are actively transported into milk and if they disrupt the normal function of transporters which may result in a disturbed delivery of essential nutrients into milk.
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| 8. |
- Abraham, Maria Celina
(författare)
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Reproductive biotechnologies in Swedish male alpacas
- 2016
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Alpacas have become more popular during the last decades. The herds have been built up by importing live animals since reproductive biotechnologies, for example artificial insemination and semen preservation, are not well-developed in this species. A major problem is the viscosity of the seminal plasma which hinders processing or evaluation of the semen. Enzymes have been used to deal with the viscous seminal plasma but they may damage spermatozoa or render them incapable of fertilization. The use of reproductive biotechnologies would permit the introduction of new genetics without the need to import live animals, thus improving animal welfare and reducing the risk of spreading diseases. Therefore, our aim was to improve reproductive biotechnologies to help develop the Swedish alpaca breeding industry. Laboratory techniques were performed to select the best spermatozoa with Single Layer Centrifugation (SLC), in order to improve cryopreservation. These techniques were developed first using bull semen. There was an improvement in sperm quality in the SLC-selected samples, particularly from poor quality semen. In addition, the SLC technique could be modified to process small volumes. Alpaca epididymides were obtained after routine castration for husbandry purposes, with the intention of comparing semen extenders using extracted epididymal spermatozoa. Most of the organs came from pre-pubertal animals and therefore did not contain spermatozoa. Nevertheless, a decision-making tool for alpaca husbandry under Swedish conditions was developed. We suggest a combination of testicular size and body condition score as a tool for decision-making in the selection of potential sires for animal husbandry under Swedish conditions. A phantom was designed and built to collect semen samples in Sweden, and semen collection trials were also performed in Perú. The advantages and disadvantages of different semen collection techniques were evaluated. However, the problem with semen viscosity still has to be solved. Therefore a semen collection method should be established so that semen handling methods can be developed. We conclude that a phantom could be the best method to use for semen collection in Sweden, since it is a fairly simple technique and, as far as we are aware, there are no animal welfare concerns.
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| 9. |
- Gertzell, Elin
(författare)
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Veterinary Herd Health Management in Ugandan smallholder pig farms
- 2020
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Animal health research often focus on single, specific diseases such as e.g. African swine fever. However, animal health usually depends on multiple factors. In the present thesis, the overall herd health and productivity in 20 smallholder pig farms were assessed by the use of veterinary herd health management, an iterative approach using both interviews, observations, clinical examinations and targeted sampling to obtain a holistic view on the herd. Further, certain problems were identified that likely affected many herds, and the presence of ecto- and endoparasites, parvoviral antibodies, and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli, were screened for in all herds. The main constraints to the production were identified as inadequate feeding, poor reproduction, poor biosecurity, and infectious diseases, although the problems varied considerably among the herds. Low quantity and quality of feed and water caused poor growth rates and poor health, and contributed to increased mortality rates. Suboptimal management was likely one of the main causes of the poor reproductive performance, but pathogens, inadequate nutrition, heat stress, low parity numbers, and inferior breeds probably also contributed to the poor results. Parasites were very common, and apart from pruritus, mainly caused by lice, endoparasites were the most commonly identified cause of clinical disease. In herds of all sizes, coccidia and nematodes caused diarrhea in suckling piglets and growing pigs, resulting in emaciation and even deaths. The two largest herds experienced post-weaning diarrhea associated with enterotoxigenic E. coli, resistant to tetracycline that was commonly used to treat the disease. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was found in a healthy pig in one herd. African swine fever was not diagnosed, but differential diagnoses such as Erysipelothrix infection were suspected. Despite the lack of vaccination programs, parvoviral antibodies were commonly found and parvovirus was thus suspected to be the cause of the high number of mummified fetuses in two herds, and possibly associated with the small litters in several herds. In conclusion, many different factors affect the health and productivity of smallholder pig herds in Uganda. Efforts to improve health and productivity need to take into consideration both the smallholder context and the situation of the individual herd, as the conditions and motivations differ from those in intensive farms in high-income countries.
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| 10. |
- Hedenström, Ulf
(författare)
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Development and clinical significance of side bones in cold-blooded trotters
- 2015
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ossification of ungular cartilages (OUC) is apparent on fossil P3 bones and seems to be as old as the history of Equus. OUC has been scientifically studied at least since the 18th century. Traditional diagnostic techniques, palpation and pathology, have more recently been replaced by radiographic techniques, scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging. However, these new techniques have not yet been fully validated for OUC and have added little to the current understanding of how the ossification process arises, develops and influences performance in a population perspective. Based on results from studies using palpation as a diagnostic tool, stallions with a high degree of OUC are not allowed to breed and material from horses with OUC cannot be stored in gene banks. In this thesis, different grades of OUC in 649 cold-blooded trotters, with performance parameters from 23,556 races, were studied and compared. The results revealed significant relationships between gender and performance, but not between different grades of OUC and performance. The proximal ossification process of OUC decreased significantly after three years of age, when only a few of 2,591 cartilages examined changed their grade of OUC. An improved grading system to achieve more consistent and reliable assessment of radiological findings was devised. This system, encompassing four grades instead of six, does not use navicular bone and palmar level of distal interphalangeal joint as reference points. It is thus more forgiving of individual anatomical variations in P3 and of slightly uneven positioning/loading of hooves at time of exposure. Overall, the results suggest that OUC is either a physiological variation or an adaptation to unknown stimuli early in life, as many years of intense training and racing appeared not to affect the presence or development of OUC, confirming previous reports of moderate to high heritability. Based on these findings, excluding stallions with high OUC grades will not improve equine welfare. However, the influence of environmental factors before three years of age on the extent of OUC warrants future study.
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