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Sökning: hsv:(LANTBRUKSVETENSKAPER) hsv:(Veterinärmedicin) hsv:(Patobiologi) > Medicin och hälsovetenskap

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1.
  • Ley, Charles, et al. (författare)
  • Osteochondral lesions in distal tarsal joints of Icelandic horses reveal strong associations between hyaline and calcified cartilage abnormalities.
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: eCells and Materials Journal. - 1473-2262. ; 27, s. 213-236
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Osteochondral lesions in the joints of the distal tarsal region of young Icelandic horses provide a natural model for the early stages of osteoarthritis (OA) in low-motion joints. We describe and characterise mineralised and non-mineralised osteochondral lesions in left distal tarsal region joint specimens from twenty-two 30 ±1 month-old Icelandic horses. Combinations of confocal scanning light microscopy, backscattered electron scanning electron microscopy (including, importantly, iodine staining) and three-dimensional microcomputed tomography were used on specimens obtained with guidance from clinical imaging. Lesion-types were described and classified into groups according to morphological features. Their locations in the hyaline articular cartilage (HAC), articular calcified cartilage (ACC), subchondral bone (SCB) and the joint margin tissues were identified and their frequency in the joints recorded. Associations and correlations between lesion-types were investigated for centrodistal joints only. In centrodistal joints the lesion-types HAC chondrocyte loss, HAC fibrillation, HAC central chondrocyte clusters, ACC arrest and ACC advance had significant associations and strong correlations. These lesion-types had moderate to high frequency in centrodistal joints but low frequencies in tarsometatarsal and talocalcaneal-centroquartal joints. Joint margin lesion-types had no significant associations with other lesion-types in the centrodistal joints but high frequency in both the centrodistal and tarsometatarsal joints. The frequency of SCB lesion-types in all joints was low. Hypermineralised infill phase lesion-types were detected. Our results emphasise close associations between HAC and ACC lesions in equine centrodistal joints and the importance of ACC lesions in the development of OA in low-motion compression-loaded equine joints.
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2.
  • LeBlanc, Neil, et al. (författare)
  • A novel combination of TaqMan RT-PCR and a suspension microarray assay for the detection and species identification of pestiviruses
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Veterinary Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1135 .- 1873-2542. ; 142:1-2, s. 81-86
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The genus pestivirus contains four recognized species: classical swine fever virus, border disease virus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus types 1 and 2. All are economically important and globally distributed but classical swine fever is the most serious, concerning losses and control measures. It affects both domestic pigs and wild boars. Outbreaks of this disease in domestic pigs call for the most serious measures of disease control, including a stamping out policy in Europe. Since all the members of the pestivirus genus can infect swine, differential diagnosis using traditional methods poses some problems. Antibody tests may lack specificity due to cross-reactions, antigen capture ELISAs may have low sensitivity, and virus isolation may take several days or even longer time to complete. PCR-based tests overcome these problems for the most part, but in general lack the multiplexing capability to detect and differentiate all the pestiviruses simultaneously. The assay platform described here addresses all of these issues by combining the advantages of real-time PCR with the multiplexing capability of microarray technology. The platform includes a TaqMan real-time PCR designed for the universal detection of pestiviruses and a microarray assay that can use the amplicons produced in the real-time PCR to identify the specific pestivirus.
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3.
  • Jitpean, Supranee, et al. (författare)
  • Increased concentrations of Serum amyloid A in dogs with sepsis caused by pyometra
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: BMC Veterinary Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1746-6148. ; 10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Sepsis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition and early diagnosis and appropriate treatment is crucial for survival. Pyometra is one of the most common diseases in intact female dogs. The disease often leads to sepsis (systemic inflammatory response syndrome, SIRS, caused by infection). Diagnostic markers for detecting sepsis are gaining increasing interest in veterinary medicine. Acute phase proteins (APPs) such as C-reactive protein (CRP) are useful for detecting systemic inflammation in dogs. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is another major APP in dogs that is not yet as widely used. Albumin is regarded as a negative APP and has earlier been evaluated for prediction of prognosis in septic dogs. The aim of the present study was to determine SAA, CRP and albumin concentrations in dogs with sepsis and pyometra and to evaluate whether these inflammatory markers are associated with length of postoperative hospitalization.Results: Thirty-one surgically treated bitches with pyometra were included, whereof 23 septic (SIRS-positive) and eight non-septic (SIRS-negative). Albumin concentrations were analyzed by routine automated methods. SAA and CRP analyses were performed with previously validated commercially available assays (ELISA and immunoturbidimetric). Mean (+/- SE) serum concentrations of SAA were significantly higher in septic (130.8 +/- 8.0 mg/L) compared to non-septic bitches (88.5 +/- 12.5 mg/L). Using a cut-off value for SAA of 109.07 mg/L (n = 31 bitches), the sensitivity and specificity for detecting sepsis was 74% and 50%, respectively. Serum albumin concentrations were not significantly different in septic compared to non-septic bitches (mean +/- SE, 25 +/- 1 g/L and 26 +/- 1 g/L, respectively). CRP concentrations were also not significantly different in septic (mean +/- SE 225.6 +/- 16.0 mg/L) compared to non-septic bitches (mean +/- SE, 176.0 +/- 27.1 mg/L). None of these inflammatory markers were associated with the outcome as measured by length of hospitalization.Conclusions: SAA concentrations were increased in dogs with sepsis induced by pyometra and may be useful as an adjunctive diagnostic marker for sepsis. To evaluate the full potential of SAA as a marker for sepsis also in other diseases, further studies are warranted.
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4.
  • Johansson Wensman, Jonas, et al. (författare)
  • The X proteins of bornaviruses interfere with type I interferon signalling
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Journal of General Virology. - : Microbiology Society. - 0022-1317 .- 1465-2099. ; 94, s. 263-269
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic, negative-stranded RNA virus causing persistent infection and progressive neurological disorders in a wide range of warm-blooded animals. The role of the small non-structural X protein in viral pathogenesis is not completely understood. Here we investigated whether the X protein of BDV and avian bornavirus (ABV) interferes with the type I interferon (IFN) system, similar to other non-structural proteins of negative-stranded RNA viruses. In luciferase reporter assays, we found that the X protein of various bornaviruses interfered with the type I IFN system at all checkpoints investigated, in contrast to previously reported findings, resulting in reduced type I IFN secretion.
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5.
  • Ström Hallenberg, Gunilla, et al. (författare)
  • Antimicrobials in small-scale urban pig farming in a lower middle-income country - arbitrary use and high resistance levels
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2047-2994. ; 7:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • © 2018 The Author(s). Background: Administration of antimicrobials to food-producing animals is regarded as a major contributor to the overall emergence of resistance in bacteria worldwide. However, few data are available on global antimicrobial use and resistance (AMR) in livestock, especially from low- and middle-income countries. Methods: We conducted a structured survey of 91 small-scale pig farms in the urban and peri-urban areas of Phnom Penh, Cambodia, to assess the farmers' knowledge, attitudes and practices related to antimicrobial use in their pig production. Commensal Escherichia coli was isolated from three healthy pigs from each farm (n = 261) and susceptibility testing was performed against 14 antimicrobials, using broth microdilution. Univariable logistic regression and generalized linear mixed models were used to investigate potential associations between farm characteristics, management factors and resistance to different types of antimicrobials. Results: We found a widespread and arbitrary use of antimicrobials, often based on the farmer's own judgment. Around 66% of the farmers reported frequently self-adjusting treatment duration and dosage, and 45% had not heard about the term 'antimicrobial resistance'. The antimicrobials most commonly mentioned or kept by the farmers were amoxicillin, tylosin, gentamicin and colistin. Around 37% used a feed concentrate that contained antimicrobials, while antimicrobials for humans were used as a last-line treatment by 10% of the farmers. Commensal E. coli exhibited high prevalence of resistance to several antimicrobials considered to be of critical importance for human medicine, including ampicillin, ciprofloxacin and colistin, and multidrug-resistance was found in 79% of the samples. Higher prevalence of resistance was observed on farms that administered prophylactic antimicrobials and on farms that treated the entire group or herd in the event of disease. Conclusion: The widespread and arbitrary use of antimicrobials in pig farming in Cambodia is highly worrisome. Overall, farmers had a low awareness of the risks and consequences related to antimicrobial use and AMR. The results presented in this study confirm the hypothesis that non-rational use of antimicrobials results in higher prevalence of AMR and highlight the need for professional animal health systems that involve medically rational use of antimicrobials in emerging economies such as Cambodia.
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6.
  • Breed, Andrew C., et al. (författare)
  • Evidence of endemic Hendra virus infection in flying-foxes (Pteropus conspicillatus) : implications for disease risk management
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 6, s. e28816-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study investigated the seroepidemiology of Hendra virus in a spectacled flying-fox (Pteropus conspicillatus) population in northern Australia, near the location of an equine and associated human Hendra virus infection in late 2004. The pattern of infection in the population was investigated using a serial cross-sectional serological study over a 25-month period, with blood sampled from 521 individuals over six sampling sessions. Antibody titres to the virus were determined by virus neutralisation test. In contrast to the expected episodic infection pattern, we observed that seroprevalence gradually increased over the two years suggesting infection was endemic in the population over the study period. Our results suggested age, pregnancy and lactation were significant risk factors for a detectable neutralizing antibody response. Antibody titres were significantly higher in females than males, with the highest titres occurring in pregnant animals. Temporal variation in antibody titres suggests that herd immunity to the virus may wax and wane on a seasonal basis. These findings support an endemic infection pattern of henipaviruses in bat populations suggesting their infection dynamics may differ significantly from the acute, self limiting episodic pattern observed with related viruses (e.g. measles virus, phocine distemper virus, rinderpest virus) hence requiring a much smaller critical host population size to sustain the virus. These findings help inform predictive modelling of henipavirus infection in bat populations, and indicate that the life cycle of the reservoir species should be taken into account when developing risk management strategies for henipaviruses.
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7.
  • Ekstrand, Carl, et al. (författare)
  • Lumbo-sacral epidural anaesthesia as a complement to dissociative anaesthesia during scrotal herniorrhaphy of livestock pigs in the field
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-605X .- 1751-0147. ; 57
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: In Sweden, scrotal or inguinal herniorrhaphy of livestock pigs in the field has traditionally been an important part of the surgical skills training of veterinary students. Few substances meet the legal requirements for field anaesthesia of production animals in the European Union but a protocol based on azaperone-detomidine-butorphanol-ketamine does. Unfortunately the anaesthesia is characterised by unpredictable duration and depth and of abrupt awakenings which is not acceptable from an animal welfare perspective and impedes surgical training. Lumbo-sacral epidural analgesia is proven to provide sufficient analgesia to allow abdominal surgery, but there are few reports on the field use of this loco-regional technique. The study aim was to evaluate whether lumbo-sacral anaesthesia can be safely and successfully used in the field by a veterinary student and whether the combination of dissociative and lumbo-sacral epidural anaesthesia improves analgesia and anaesthesia to guarantee animal welfare during herniorrhaphy in livestock pigs, enabling surgical skills training. Results: Pigs in the control-group (placebo) responded significantly stronger to surgery, with five out of 11 requiring additional doses of detomidine and ketamine. There were no significant differences between groups in respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure, SpO(2) or blood gases. SpO(2) levels <94 % were recorded in several pigs in both groups. No post-injection complications were reported at follow-up. Conclusions: The results from this study showed that lumbo-sacral epidural anaesthesia with lidocaine could successfully be administered during dissociative anaesthesia of livestock pigs by a veterinary student and without reported post-injection complications. It improved analgesia and anaesthesia during herniorrhaphy of sufficient duration to enable surgical skills training. The risks and consequences of hypoxaemia and hypoventilation should be considered.
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8.
  • Gerdtsson, Axel, et al. (författare)
  • Surgical Complications in Postchemotherapy Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection for Nonseminoma Germ Cell Tumour : A Population-based Study from the Swedish Norwegian Testicular Cancer Group
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: European Urology Oncology. - : Elsevier BV. - 2588-9311. ; 3:3, s. 382-389
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Reports on perioperative complications after postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (PC-RPLND) for nonseminoma germ cell tumour (NSGCT) are from experienced single centres, with a lack of population-based studies. OBJECTIVE: To assess the complications of bilateral and unilateral PC-RPLND. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A prospective, population-based, observational multicentre study included all patients with NSGCT who underwent PC-RPLND in Norway and Sweden during 2007-2014. Of a total of 318 patients, 87 underwent bilateral PC-RPLND and 231 underwent unilateral PC-RPLND. The median follow-up was 6 yr. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Bilateral and unilateral PC-RPLND were compared for the outcomes of intra- and postoperative complications (graded by Clavien-Dindo) and retrograde ejaculation (with or without nerve-sparing surgery). Complications were reported as absolute counts and percentages. The χ2 test was used for comparisons. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: The incidence of intraoperative complications was higher for bilateral PC-RPLND than for unilateral PC-RPLND (14% vs 4.3%, p = 0.003), with ureteral injury as the most frequent reported complication (2% of the patients). Postoperative complications were more common after bilateral than after unilateral PC-RPLND (45% vs 25%, p = 0.001) with Clavien ≥3b reported in 8.3% and 2.2%, respectively (p = 0.009). Lymphatic leakage was the most common complication occurring in 11% of the patients. Retrograde ejaculation occurred more frequently after bilateral than after unilateral surgery (59% vs 32%, p < 0.001). Limitations of the study include reporting of retrograde ejaculation, which was based on a chart review. CONCLUSIONS: Intra- and postoperative complications including retrograde ejaculation are more frequent after bilateral PC-RPLND than after unilateral PC-RPLND. PATIENT SUMMARY: Lymph node dissection in patients with testicular cancer puts them at risk of complications. In this study, we present the complications after lymph node dissection.
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9.
  • Hilborn, Erik, 1988- (författare)
  • The role of the androgen receptor and hydroxysteroid 17β dehydrogenase in breast cancer : Impact on tamoxifen treatment
  • 2016
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The healthy breast is a tissue composed of centrally located milk producing glands connected to the nipple by ducts, surrounded by fat tissue and connective tissue. The growth of the breast is primarily mediated by the estrogens, while the androgens mediate tissue homeostasis and protect against growth signals. In breast cancer, the cells of the glands or ducts undergo malignant transformation, and start proliferating in an uncontrollable fashion. Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, and it is estimated that 10% of all women will be diagnosed with breast cancer during their life-time. The primary classification of breast cancer is based mainly on the expression of the estrogen receptor, and 70-80% of breast cancers are estrogen receptor positive, and are classified as luminal. The remaining breast cancers are classified into HER2 positive or triple negative breast cancer. Out of all breast cancers, ~80% are androgen receptor positive. This varies in different subtypes, however, with the highest expression in luminal and lowest expression in triple negative breast cancers. The role of androgen receptor varies depending on subtype. It is considered tissue-protective in luminal breast cancer, while it’s role in HER2 positive and triple negative breast cancers is less defined, but is generally considered to be associated with worse outcome. The primary treatment for breast cancer is surgery, followed by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy to reduce the risk of recurrence. Treatment is also subtype specific, and luminal breast cancers in premenopausalwomen are treated using the estrogen receptor blocker (antagonist) tamoxifen, which blocks estrogen signaling. In postmenopausal women, luminal breast  cancers are treated using tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors, which prevent the formation of estrogen. The knowledge of which patient will respond and who will develop treatment resistance is of great importance, and the development of markers which can be analyzed prior to treatment in order to reduce the risk of unwanted side effects or complications is the focus of a large body of research. One of the primary goals of this thesis was to establish biomarkers for prognosis and tamoxifen treatment in breast cancer, and paper I, paper II and paper III address this aim.Steroid hormones, including estrogens and androgens, are normally synthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal gland, as well as in gender specific tissues such as ovaries in women or the testis or prostate in men. This synthesis takes place as a number of enzymatic conversions, mediated by several different enzymes, and the expression of these enzymes determines the final product of this conversion. In the adrenal gland, testis and prostate, androgens are the end-product, while the ovaries synthesize estrogens. These hormones are transported through the circulation, and upon reaching their target tissues, they mediate their effect. The impact of the steroids on their destination tissue is dependent on their relative concentration and exposure time, which in turn is dependent on the amount in the circulation, but also on the presence of local steroid converting enzymes, which are present in most tissues. The enzymes of the hydroxysteroid 17β dehydrogenase family are present in most tissues, primarily the oxidative member hydroxysteroid 17β dehydrogenase type 2, which facilitate the conversion of estrogens and androgens to the less active forms, thus protecting the tissues from their effect. In breast cancer, the reductive form, hydroxysteroid 17β dehydrogenase type 1 is often up-regulated, and mediates increased activation of estrogens, resulting in increased estrogen signaling, which results in increased proliferation and growth. The second goal of this thesis was to further study the role of hydroxysteroid 17β dehydrogenase enzymes in breast cancer, and paper I and paper IV address different  aspects of their role in breast cancer.Following reduction of the expression of hydroxysteroid 17β dehydrogenase type 14, an oxidative member of the family, in breast cancer, the expression of C-X-C ligand 10 was found to be altered. In paper I, in order to determine the role of C-X-C ligand 10 and C-X-C receptor 3 in breast cancer, their expression was quantified using immunohistochemistry in breast cancer patients randomized to tamoxifen or no endocrine treatment irrespectively of estrogen receptor status. The expression of C-XC ligand 10 and C-X-C receptor 3 was found to be associated with increased tamoxifen treatment benefit in the estrogen receptor positive group of patients, indicating that they could be useful markers for determining which patient would respond well to this treatment. Further, C-X-C receptor 3 expression was associated with worse outcome in patients who did not receive tamoxifen, and could be a potential target for inhibitors in order to improve patient outcome. The role of the androgen receptor in breast cancer was evaluated. In paper II the expression was quantified using immunohistochemistry in the same cohort as in paper I. We show that in patients with estrogen receptor negative tumors, the androgen receptor is associated with worse outcome. In patients with high tumoral androgen receptor expression, tamoxifen signaling results in significant improvement in outcome, despite lack of the estrogen receptor. The opposite was observed in patients without tumoral androgen receptor expression, and tamoxifen treatment was associated with adverse outcome. Similar findings were made in the triple negative cases. In the luminal cases, the androgen receptor does not provide further information pertaining to outcome. In paper III we evaluated the role of mutations in the androgen receptor in the cohort of estrogen receptor-negative and androgen receptorpositive cases from paper II. The role of mutations in the androgen receptor appear to have a modest role in regard to patient outcome, but rs17302090 appear associated with tamoxifen treatment benefit. The modulation of the members of the hydroxysteroid 17β dehydrogenase in breast cancer is associated with changes in the local steroid balance, and has been associated with worse outcome and changes in the response to tamoxifen. Further, the inhibition of hydroxysteroid 17β dehydrogenase type 1 has been proposed as an alternate treatment for breast cancer, but no inhibitors are currently used in the clinic. In paper IV, we evaluated several different mechanisms by which the expression of hydroxysteroid 17β dehydrogenase type 1 and type 2 are modulated in breast cancer. We show that the most potent estrogen estradiol, in an estrogen receptor dependent fashion, can result in decreased hydroxysteroid 17β dehydrogenase type 1 expression, and a short term reduction in type 2 expression or long term increased type 2 expression. We also show that the most potent androgen, dihydrotestosterone, can increase hydroxysteroid 17β dehydrogenase type 2 expression, but has limited impact on hydroxysteroid 17β dehydrogenase type 1. Further, we show that a number of genes involved in breast cancer, and microRNA are involved in modulating the expression of the hydroxysteroid 17β dehydrogenase type 1 and type 2 in breast cancer. These findings could potentially be used as an alternative to inhibitors, and help modulate the steroidal balance in target tissue.
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10.
  • Karlsson, Frida (författare)
  • Treponema spp. in porcine skin ulcers : clinical aspects
  • 2014
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The hypothesis tested in this work is that bacteria of genus Treponema play a main role when shoulder ulcers and ear necrosis occur in an infectious or severe form, and perhaps also in other skin conditions in the pig. Samples were collected from pigs in 19 Swedish herds 2010-2011. The sampled skin lesions included 52 shoulder ulcers, 57 ear necroses, 4 facial necroses and 5 other skin ulcers. Occurrence of spirochetes was detected by phase contrast microscopy, Warthin-Starry silver staining, PCR and Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH). Treponemal diversity was investigated by sequencing of 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region 2 (ISR2) and high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of a part of the 16S rRNA gene. Culturing and characterization of treponemes by biochemical analyses, testing of antimicrobial susceptibility and fingerprinting by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were carried out. A challenge study was performed to test if Treponema pedis induced skin lesions. Serological response towards TPE0673, a T. pedis protein, was tested with ELISA. Spirochetes were found in all types of skin ulcers and in all herds. The occurrence of Treponema spp. detected by PCR was 52% in shoulder ulcers, 46% in ear necrosis and 9.7% in gingiva. Treponemes were identified in 69% of the shoulder ulcers and in 59% of the ear necroses by FISH. A phylogenetic tree revealed a great variability of treponemes. Three main phylotypes were identified; T. pedis, Treponema parvum and one phylotype without designation. Twelve isolates of T. pedis, T. parvum, and one phylotype most similar to Treponema sp. OMZ 840 were obtained. All except two had unique RAPD fingerprints. Biochemical tests could not differentiate between the isolates and they were generally susceptible to tested antimicrobials. By FISH, treponemes were visualized deep in the ulcers and a predominance of T. pedis was noted, and confirmed by HTS. Challenged pigs did not develop any lesions or IgG response towards the T. pedis protein. Most sows with shoulder ulcers showed a strong, and most cases of ear necrosis a weak IgG response towards TPE0673. In conclusion, Treponema spp. are frequently abundant in ear necroses and shoulder ulcers in pigs. Identical phylotypes and ISR2 sequences from ulcers and gingiva indicate spreading from mouth to ulcer. A broad diversity of phylotypes was revealed, but the predominance of T. pedis suggests specific importance of this species. Our results point towards an important role of treponemes in chronic and severe skin ulcers in pigs.
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