| 1. |
- Afshin, Ashkan, et al.
(författare)
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Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years
- 2017
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Ingår i: New England Journal of Medicine. - : MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC. - 0028-4793 .- 1533-4406. ; 377:1, s. 13-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND Although the rising pandemic of obesity has received major attention in many countries, the effects of this attention on trends and the disease burden of obesity remain uncertain. METHODS We analyzed data from 68.5 million persons to assess the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adults between 1980 and 2015. Using the Global Burden of Disease study data and methods, we also quantified the burden of disease related to high body-mass index (BMI), according to age, sex, cause, and BMI in 195 countries between 1990 and 2015. RESULTS In 2015, a total of 107.7 million children and 603.7 million adults were obese. Since 1980, the prevalence of obesity has doubled in more than 70 countries and has continuously increased in most other countries. Although the prevalence of obesity among children has been lower than that among adults, the rate of increase in childhood obesity in many countries has been greater than the rate of increase in adult obesity. High BMI accounted for 4.0 million deaths globally, nearly 40% of which occurred in persons who were not obese. More than two thirds of deaths related to high BMI were due to cardiovascular disease. The disease burden related to high BMI has increased since 1990; however, the rate of this increase has been attenuated owing to decreases in underlying rates of death from cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS The rapid increase in the prevalence and disease burden of elevated BMI highlights the need for continued focus on surveillance of BMI and identification, implementation, and evaluation of evidence-based interventions to address this problem.
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| 2. |
- Vågerö, Denny, et al.
(författare)
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Long-Term Health Consequences Following the Siege of Leningrad
- 2013
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Ingår i: Early Life Nutrition and Adult Health and Development. - New York : Nova Science Publishers, Inc.. - 9781624171291 - 9781624171369 ; , s. 207-225
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We are interested in the long-term health consequences associated with severe starvation and war trauma, and whether certain “age windows” exist when exposure to such events are particularly harmful. The siege of Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) during World War II provided an opportunity to study this. For 872 days, German troops prevented supplies from reaching Leningrad. Simultaneously, there was a food blockade and a steady and merciless bombardment by shells from guns and from the air. The first winter, 1941/42, represents the most severe food shortage, amounting to mass starvation or semi-starvation. Our late colleague, Professor Dimitri Shestov, had suffered the consequences of the Leningrad siege as a boy and believed that it had taken a toll on people beyond its immediate short- and medium-range consequences. He was particularly concerned about its long-term consequences for circulatory disease. A 1973 US-Soviet agreement, the so called Lipid Research Clinics Collaboration, gave him an opportunity to study this. From 1975 to 1982 men and women living in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) were randomly sampled and invited to examine their health and cardiovascular functioning. Dimitri Shestov added a simple question to this examination: “Were you in Leningrad during the blockade?” A third of the participants were. They had experienced peak starvation (in January 1942) at ages 1-31 (women) or 6-26 (men). The mortality follow-up began immediately after the first clinical examinations in 1975 and continued for three decades, until the end of 2005. Our analyses show that the siege of Leningrad, particularly when experienced in puberty, has had long-term effects on blood pressure both in men and women.We also found a raised IHD and stroke risk among those men. This was partly mediated via blood pressure but not by any other measured biological, behavioral, or social factors. Girls experiencing the siege around puberty suffered an elevated risk of dying from breast cancer later in life. The fact that the effect of siege exposure is modified by the age at exposure is highly interesting from a scientific point of view. It may suggest that a reprogramming of physiological systems can occur at specific age windows in response to starvation and/or war trauma. The team that worked from 1975-2005 to collect clinical information and death certificates for participants in the study included Svetlana Plavinskaya, born in Leningrad during the siege. Dimitri Shestov and Svetlana Plavinskaya died in 2010 and 2011, respectively. We dedicate this chapter to their memory.
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| 3. |
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Dietary reforms in the Baltic and East Central Europe, ca 1850–1950
- 2022
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this special section, the histories of dietary reform have been approached and explored from different perspectives. The essays weave together threads of the history of dietary advice and nutritional standards with social history, women’s history and food history, covering the elements of life reform and women’s movements, the establishment of communist food ideology, the development of modern food safety and food security, etc. Three peer-reviewed articles focusing on the case studies of Estonia, Bulgaria and the Russian empire are built on previously untapped sources and offer original perspectives on the topic. As the contributions suggest, the entangled histories of dietary reform efforts proved to be a valuable and novel prism through which to study the region and the history of Europe in general.
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| 4. |
- Malitska, Julia
(författare)
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The Peripheries of Omnivorousness : Vegetarian Canteens and Social Activism in the Early Twentieth-Century Russian Empire
- 2021
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Ingår i: Global Food History. - Great Britain : Taylor & Francis. - 2054-9547 .- 2054-9555. ; 7:2, s. 140-175
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Unlike the British, American, or Central European vegetarian movements, which emerged in the nineteenth century, organized vegetarianism did not emerge in the Russian Empire until the turn of the century. By the 1910s, enthusiasts had formed vegetarian societies and developed an infrastructure in many of the empire’s cities. Drawing on mainstream literature and utilizing a variety of primary sources, this article examines vegetarian eating establishments started by vegetarian activists in the early twentieth century. It uncovers the rationale behind its emergence, ideological framework and disputes, and the mechanisms that brought it to life, showcasing the collective efforts to promote a vegetarian dietary regimen and worldview. I argue that vegetarian canteens appeared as multifunctional venues resulting from a fledgling vegetarian activism. Finally, the study unveils what was served and eaten in the vegetarian canteens of the early twentieth century, shedding light on urban vegetarian cuisine(s) in terms of its form and content in some European parts of the Russian Empire.
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| 5. |
- Malitska, Julia
(författare)
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“There is no salvation outside our church” : The All-Russian Vegetarian Congress and the making of the vegetarian movement in the early 20th century Russian empire
- 2022
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Ingår i: Baltic Worlds. - Huddinge : Södertörns högskola. - 2000-2955 .- 2001-7308. ; :1-2, s. 108-124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, I tackle and reflect on the vegetarian movement of the Russian empire in its making, branding, and imagining by examining the All-Russian Vegetarian Congress in Moscow in 1913. By scrutinizing its organization, agenda and resolutions, the study brings to the surface and explores the ideological imaginaries and the dynamics of vegetarian collective action. I discuss the organization and convening of the congress, analyze the discursive activity around it, as well as hint at its implications for the fledgling vegetarian activism. I also contextualize the event within a broad reform-oriented social movement space, as well as spotlight the diversity of understandings of vegetarianism. The case study hints at the manifestations of movement making and branding, as well as unfolds the ideological foundations that were given preferences and why this was so. The congress apparently favored the ethical strand of vegetarianism and aimed at life reform in a broader sense. However, it did not really succeed in bringing about the long-awaited consolidation and unification of the vegetarians in the country.
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| 6. |
- Petrov, Kristian, 1975-
(författare)
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Från blodbesudlat kolonialsocker till livsviktigt blodsocker : Svensk-europeiska teman i sockrets globala kulturhistoria
- 2012
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Ingår i: RIG. - 0035-5267 .- 2002-3863. ; 95:3, s. 129-154
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- "From Blood-Stained Colonial Sugar to Life-Essential Blood Sugar: Swedish-European Themes in the Global Cultural History of Sugar"Drawing on material cultural studies and classical intellectual history, a cultural history of sugar in Sweden and Europe is reconstructed. The aim is to identify the modern conceptualisations of sugar and historically analyse their dialectical sympathies and antipathies. What are the historical reasons for eating—or not eating—sugar, and how are these actualised today? Sugar’s history is followed from antiquity, the middle ages and the Enlightenment up till the present. Sugar was spread in wider European circles only from the 1600s onwards, which triggered various conflicts that in many respects are still current. Was sugar a medicine or a poison, essential or fatal? Sugar played a powerful role in the creation of European wealth and has become intrinsically connected to Western modernity. With a contrastive departure in Mintz (1986) it is shown how the conceptualisations of sugar have changed from signifying an exclusive medicine, spice and sweetener to an omnipresent food (more recently, it might also be referred to as a drug). Cookbooks indicate that sugar in Sweden was transformed into a mass-consumed food during the 1830s. One hundred years later sugar was among Swedish bureaucrats elevated into the utmost important foodstuff of the future, to which the country had committed itself. Increasing the prevalence and consumption of cheap, energy-rich and chemically pure sugar was considered modern, rational and ethical. By eating sugar a Swede could literally eat happiness, freedom and modernity. Even critics of sugar consumption have since the 18th century associated modernity with sugar. Sugar crystals embodied civilization’s inequality and degeneration. When scientists in the 1840s enthusiastically discovered that sugar in humans was transformed into ‘blood sugar’, a poetical motive from 1700s slavery criticism was ironically recycled, in which ‘sugar’ had been attributed with ‘blood’ in order to discourage people’s consumption. The medical identification of sugar (sucrose) and blood sugar (glucose) meant that sucrose increasingly was regarded as essential, which gradually helped to consolidate the prevailing idea of carbohydrates as the primary energy source. Although preference for sweetness is genetic, cultural circumstances determine the forms and scope of sugar consumption. If sugar previously was a status marker of the aristocracy, it has accompanied by new medical discoveries increasingly become emblematic for the junk food of the underprivileged. Sugar’s white colour, purity, status of ‘blood sugar’, ethereal lightness and historic significance for national growth and autarky, are, however, examples of cultural factors which still legitimise sugar’s omnipresence in society. In today’s polarised debate about possible threshold values or penalty taxes, many opinions ventilated even in commercial, medical and public health discourses implicitly relate to older religious and cultural ideas and practices.
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