| 1. |
- Gedeborg, Rolf, et al.
(författare)
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Prescription-based prediction of baseline mortality risk among older men
- 2020
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 15:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Understanding the association between patients' history of prescribed medications and mortality rate could optimize characterization of baseline risk when the Charlson Comorbidity Index is insufficient.METHODS: Using a Swedish cohort of men selected randomly as controls to men with prostate cancer diagnosed 2007-2013, we estimated the association between medications prescribed during the previous year and mortality rates, using Cox regression stratified for age.RESULTS: Among the 326,450 older men with median age of 69 years included in this study, 73% were categorized as free of comorbidity according to the Charlson Comorbidity Index; however, 84% had received at least one prescription during the year preceding the follow-up. This was associated with a 60% overall increase in mortality rate (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.56 to 1.64). Some drugs that were unexpectedly associated with mortality included locally acting antacids (HR = 4.7, 95% CI 4.4 to 5.1), propulsives (HR = 4.7, 95% CI 4.4 to 5.0), vitamin A and D (HR = 4.6, 95% CI 4.3 to 4.9), and loop diuretics, for example furosemide (HR = 3.7; 95% CI 3.6 to 3.8). Thiazide diuretics, however, were only weakly associated with a mortality risk (HR = 1.5; 95% CI 1.4 to 1.5). Surprisingly, only weak associations with mortality were seen for major cardiovascular drug classes.CONCLUSIONS: A majority of older men had a history of prescribed medications and many drug classes were associated with mortality rate, including drug classes not directly indicated for a specific comorbidity represented in commonly used comorbidity measures. Prescription history can improve baseline risk assessment but some associations might be context-sensitive.
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| 2. |
- Hailer, Nils P., et al.
(författare)
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No generally increased risk of cancer after total hip arthroplasty performed due to osteoarthritis
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Cancer. - : Wiley. - 0020-7136 .- 1097-0215. ; 147:1, s. 76-83
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous studies on the risk of cancer after total hip arthroplasty (THA) contradict each other, and many are hampered by small cohort sizes, residual confounding, short observation times or a mix of indications underlying the THA procedure. We evaluated the risk of cancer after total hip arthroplasty due to osteoarthritis in a nationwide cohort by comparing cancer incidences in individuals exposed to total hip arthroplasty due to osteoarthritis and in unexposed, sex-, age- and residence matched individuals. To address some previous studies' shortcomings, information on comorbidity and socioeconomic background were obtained and adjusted for. We included 126,276 patients exposed to a cemented THA between 1992 and 2012, and 555,757 unexposed individuals. Follow-up started on the day of surgery for exposed individuals and respective date for matched, unexposed individuals, and ended on the day of death, emigration, censuring or December 31st, 2012, whichever came first. The Swedish Hip Arthroplasty Registry (SHAR), the Swedish Cancer Registry, the Swedish National Patient Registry and Statistics Sweden were accessed to obtain information on procedural details of the THA, cancer diagnoses, comorbidities, and socioeconomic background. The primary outcome measure was the occurrence of any cancer after the index date. Exposed individuals had a slightly lower adjusted risk of developing any cancer than unexposed individuals (hazard ratio [HR] 0.97; CI 0.95-0.99). The only cancer with a statistically significant risk increase in exposed individuals was skin melanoma (HR 1.15; CI 1.05-1.24). We attained similar risk estimates in analyses stratified by sex, in individuals with minimum 5 years of follow-up, in an analysis including individuals with a history of previous cancer, and in patients with cementless THA. In this study on a large and well-defined population with long follow-up, we found no increased overall risk of cancer after THA. These reassuring findings could be included in the guidelines on preoperative information given to THA patients.
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| 3. |
- Beckmann, Kerri, et al.
(författare)
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Radical radiotherapy for prostate cancer : patterns of care in Sweden 1998-2016
- 2020
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Ingår i: Acta Oncologica. - : TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD. - 0284-186X .- 1651-226X. ; 59:5, s. 549-557
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Radiotherapy is an established treatment option for prostate cancer (PCa), both as primary treatment and secondary treatment after radical prostatectomy (RP). Since 1998, detailed data on radiotherapy delivered to Swedish men with PCa (e.g. treatment modalities, absorbed doses, fractionation) have been collated within PCa data Base Sweden (PCBaSe). This study reports patterns of radical radiotherapy for PCa in Sweden over the past two decades. Materials and methods: All men with non-metastatic PCa (1998-2016) who received external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or high or low dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT/LDR-BT) were identified in PCBaSe. Analyses included: trends in radiation techniques, fractionation patterns and total doses over time; PCa-specific survival comparing treatment in 2007-2017 with 1998-2006; and regional variation in type of primary radiotherapy. Results: About 20,876 men underwent primary radiotherapy. The main treatment modalities include conventionally fractionated (2.0 Gy/fraction) EBRT (51%), EBRT with HDR-BT boost (27%) and hypofractionated (>2.4 Gy/fraction) EBRT (11%). EBRT with photon or proton boost and HDR-BT and LDR-BT monotherapies were each used minimally. Use of dose-escalated EBRT (>74 Gy) and moderate hypofractionation increased over time, while use of HDR-BT declined. Considerable regional variation in treatment modalities was apparent. Risk of PCa death following primary radiotherapy had declined for intermediate-risk (HR: 0.60; 95%CI 0.47-0.87) and high-risk PCa (HR: 0.72; 95%CI 0.61-0.86). Discussion: Increased use of dose escalation and hypofractionated EBRT has occurred in Sweden over the past two decades, reflecting current evidence and practice guidelines. Disease-specific outcomes have also improved. Data collected in PCBaSe provide an excellent resource for further research into RT use in PCa management.
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| 4. |
- Bergengren, Oskar, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in lifestyle among prostate cancer survivors: A nationwide population-based study
- 2020
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Ingår i: Psycho-Oncology. - : Wiley. - 1057-9249 .- 1099-1611. ; 29:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective Long-term information on lifestyle changes among prostate survivors is lacking. In this nationwide, population-based study we investigated the prevalence of lifestyle changes, factors associated with lifestyle changes and associations between lifestyle changes and general quality of life. Methods All men registered in the National Prostate Cancer Register of Sweden diagnosed in 2008 with low-risk prostate cancer at age 70 years or younger were sent a questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals for factors potentially associated with lifestyle change. Results Out of 1288, 1720 men (75%) were responded. A total of 279 (22%) reported a positive lifestyle change regarding diet or exercise. Poor functional outcomes after treatment was associated with exercising less (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.1) and less interest in social activities and relationships (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.5-2.1). Men who exercised more (OR 7.9, 95% CI 4.4-14) and men who had an increased interest in relationships and social activities (OR 5.2, 95% CI 2.1-13) reported higher general quality of life. Conclusions A considerable proportion of men reported making positive lifestyle changes after the prostate cancer diagnosis. The time after diagnosis may be a teachable moment that facilitates lifestyle interventions. Poor functional outcomes after treatment may reduce the willingness to engage in positive lifestyle change, which need be considered when supporting men after treatment. Men who made a positive lifestyle change, regardless of whether it was exercise or regarding relationships and social activities more often reported a high level of general quality of life.
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| 5. |
- George, Gincy, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term adherence to GnRH agonists in men with prostate cancer : A nation-wide population-based study in prostate cancer data base Sweden
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scandinavian journal of urology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2168-1805 .- 2168-1813. ; 54:1, s. 20-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists are used to treat men with prostate cancer (PCa). To date, no study has fully assessed patterns of adherence to GnRH agonists. We investigated patterns of adherence to GnRH agonists using data from Prostate Cancer data Base Sweden (PCBaSe).Methods: PCBaSe links the National Prostate Cancer Register (NPCR) Sweden to other healthcare registers and demographic databases. Men on primary or secondary GnRH agonists between 2006-2013 entered the study 45 days after GnRH agonists' initiation (run-in period) and exited at 3 years. Medication possession ratio quantified adherents (≥80%). Multivariable logistic regression models included age, injection interval, PCa risk categories, Charlson Comorbidity Index, prior PCa treatment, civil status and year of GnRH initiation. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) expressed odds of adherence.Results: Men on primary GnRH agonists (n = 8,105) were more adherent with increasing age (75-84 years compared to ≤65 years OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.23-1.81), longer injection intervals (365 days compared to 90 days OR: 3.29; 95% CI: 2.52-4.30) and higher PCa risk categories at diagnosis (distant metastasis compared to low risk PCa OR: 3.56; 95% CI: 2.54-5.00). Men on secondary GnRH agonists (n = 4,738) were more adherent with increasing age (≥85 years compared to ≤65 years OR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.23-2.22) and prior PCa treatment (anti-androgens compared to deferred treatment OR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.23-1.82), (radiotherapy compared to deferred treatment OR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.11-1.64).Conclusions: Longer injection intervals could be addressed in the clinical setting to improve adherence.
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| 6. |
- Orrason, Andri Wilberg, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in treatment and mortality in men with locally advanced prostate cancer between 2000 and 2016: a nationwide, population-based study in Sweden
- 2020
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Ingår i: Bju International. - : Wiley. - 1464-4096 .- 1464-410X. ; 126:1, s. 142-151
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To evaluate whether the effects of radical treatment in men with locally advanced prostate cancer (PCa) on PCa mortality observed in randomised clinical trials are applicable on a population basis. Patients and methods: We conducted a population-based cohort study using the Prostate Cancer data Base Sweden of 20 350 men diagnosed between 2000 and 2016 with locally advanced PCa, defined as clinical local stage T3/T4, M0, Mx and a prostate-specific antigen level of <100 ng/mL. Cumulative PCa mortality was examined using competing risk analysis of all men with locally advanced PCa, and also including men who did not undergo radical treatment. Multivariate regression analysis, including prognostic factors, was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause and PCa-specific death. Results: The proportion of men treated with primary radical radiotherapy (n = 4174) or prostatectomy (n = 1210) increased from 15% in 2000–2003, 25% in 2004–2007, 33% in 2008–2011 to 43% in 2012–2016. The corresponding 5-year PCa mortality decreased from 19%, 18%, 17%, to 15% for all men, with the steepest decrease in men aged 65–74 years, from 16% to 8%. The risk of PCa mortality in men aged <80 years was lower in the last period compared to the first period, with a HR of 0.65 (95% confidence interval 0.56–0.76) in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: The threefold increase in use of radical treatment was accompanied by a modest decrease in PCa mortality in all men with newly diagnosed locally advanced PCa. For men aged 65–74 years, there was a 50% decrease in the relative risk of PCa death. This indicates that the benefits previously observed in randomised trials can also be achieved in a real-life setting. © 2020 The Authors BJU International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of BJU International
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| 7. |
- Pettersson, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative Effectiveness of Different Radical Radiotherapy Treatment Regimens for Prostate Cancer: A Population-Based Cohort Study.
- 2020
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Ingår i: JNCI cancer spectrum. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2515-5091. ; 4:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is unclear which radiotherapy technique and dose fractionation scheme is most effective in decreasing the risk of prostate cancer death.We conducted a population-based cohort study among 15 164 men in the Prostate Cancer database Sweden (version 4.0) treated with primary radical radiotherapy for prostate cancer in Sweden from 1998 to 2016. We calculated hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the association between the following exposure groups and outcome: conventionally fractionated external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) to 78 Gy (39 × 2 Gy), EBRT combined with high dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) (25 × 2 Gy + 2 × 10 Gy), conventionally fractionated EBRT to 70 Gy (35 × 2 Gy), and moderately hypofractionated (M-HF) dose-escalated EBRT (29 × 2.5 Gy or 22 × 3 Gy).Of the men, 7296 received conventionally fractionated EBRT to 78 Gy, 4657 EBRT combined with HDR-BT, 1672 conventionally fractionated EBRT to 70 Gy, and 1539 M-HF EBRT. Using EBRT to 78 Gy as the reference, the multivariable hazard ratios (95% CIs) of prostate cancer death was 0.64 (0.53 to 0.78) for EBRT combined with HDR-BT, 1.00 (0.80 to 1.27) for EBRT to 70 Gy, and 1.51 (0.99 to 2.32) for M-HF EBRT. The multivariable hazard ratios (95% CIs) for death from any cause were 0.79 (0.71 to 0.88), 0.99 (0.87 to 1.14), and 1.12 (0.88 to 1.42), respectively. The lower risk of prostate cancer death comparing EBRT combined with HDR-BT with conventionally fractionated EBRT to 78 Gy was more pronounced for men with high-risk or poorly differentiated tumors.In this study, EBRT combined with HDR-BT was the most effective radiotherapy treatment regimen, especially for poorly differentiated tumors. Randomized trials comparing EBRT combined with HDR-BT with dose-escalated EBRT should be a priority.
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| 8. |
- Zelic, Renata, et al.
(författare)
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Predicting Prostate Cancer Death with Different Pretreatment Risk Stratification Tools : A Head-to-head Comparison in a Nationwide Cohort Study
- 2020
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Ingår i: European Urology. - : ELSEVIER. - 0302-2838 .- 1873-7560. ; 77:2, s. 180-188
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Numerous pretreatment risk classification tools are available for prostate cancer. Which tool is best in predicting prostate cancer death is unclear.Objective: To systematically compare the prognostic performance of the most commonly used pretreatment risk stratification tools for prostate cancer.Design, setting, and participants: A nationwide cohort study was conducted, including 154 811 men in Prostate Cancer data Base Sweden (PCBaSe) 4.0 diagnosed with nonmetastatic prostate cancer during 1998-2016 and followed through 2016.Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: We compared the D'Amico, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), European Association of Urology (EAU), Genito-Urinary Radiation Oncologists of Canada (GUROC), American Urological Association (AUA), National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), and Cambridge Prognostic Groups (CPG) risk group systems; the Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment (CAPRA) score; and the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) nomogram in predicting prostate cancer death by estimating the concordance index (C-index) and the observed versus predicted cumulative incidences at different follow-up times.Results and limitations: A total of 139 515 men were included in the main analysis, of whom 15 961 died from prostate cancer during follow-up. The C-index at 10 yr of follow-up ranged from 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.72-0.73) to 0.81 (95% CI: 0.80-0.81) across the compared tools. The MSKCC nomogram (C-index: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.80-0.81), CAPRA score (C-index: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.79-0.81), and CPG system (C-index: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.78-0.79) performed the best. The order of performance between the tools remained in analyses stratified by primary treatment and year of diagnosis. The predicted cumulative incidences were close to the observed ones, with some underestimation at 5 yr. It is a limitation that the study was conducted solely in a Swedish setting (ie, case mix).Conclusions: The MSKCC nomogram, CAPRA score, and CPG risk grouping system performed better in discriminating prostate cancer death than the D'Amico and D'Amico-derived systems (NICE, GUROC, EAU, AUA, and NCCN). Use of these tools may improve clinical decision making.Patient summary: There are numerous pretreatment risk classification tools that can aid treatment decision for prostate cancer. We systematically compared the prognostic performance of the most commonly used tools in a large cohort of Swedish men with prostate cancer. The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center nomogram, Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment score, and Cambridge Prognostic Groups performed best in predicting prostate cancer death. The use of these tools may improve treatment decisions.
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| 9. |
- Beckmann, Kerri, et al.
(författare)
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Spironolactone use is associated with lower prostate cancer risk : a population-wide case-control study
- 2020
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Ingår i: Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 1365-7852 .- 1476-5608. ; 23:3, s. 527-533
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Spironolactone, a cheap effective diuretic used to manage hypertension and heart failure, also has anti-androgenic effects through its non-selective binding to steroid receptors, and hence may affect prostate cancer (PCa) risk. This study investigated the association between spironolactone use and PCa risk. For comparison, we also examined associations with thiazide diuretics which do not have anti-androgenic properties. Methods A matched case-control study was undertaken using population-wide data from the Prostate Cancer Data Base Sweden (PCBaSe). All PCa cases diagnosed from 2014 to 2016 were matched by birth year and county with PCa-free controls selected from the general population (1:5). Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to examine associations between spironolactone use (dose and duration) and PCa risk, and similarly for thiazides. Results Three percent of the 31,591 cases and 4% of the 156,802 controls had been prescribed spironolactone. Multivariable analyses indicated reduced risk of PCa among those ever exposed to spironolactone (odds ratio [OR] 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.76-0.89), with a stronger association for current users (OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.69-0.86) than past users (OR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.79-0.97) and decreasing risk with increasing dose (p-trend < 0.001). No association was observed for thiazide exposure and PCa risk. Biases due to differences in prescribing patterns or frequency of PSA testing may have influenced these findings. Conclusion PCa risk was reduced among men exposed to the diuretic spironolactone. Further investigation of spironolactone's potential chemopreventive effects is warranted.
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| 10. |
- Enblad, Anna Pia, et al.
(författare)
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PSA testing patterns in a large Swedish cohort before the implementation of organized PSA testing
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scandinavian journal of urology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2168-1805 .- 2168-1813. ; 54:5, s. 376-381
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Organized PSA testing for asymptomatic men aged 50-74 years will be implemented in Sweden to reduce opportunistic testing in groups who will not benefit. The aim of this study was to describe the opportunistic PSA testing patterns in a Swedish region before the implementation of organized PSA testing programs.Method: We included all men in the Uppsala-orebro health care region of Sweden who were PSA tested between 1 July 2012 and 30 June 2014. Information regarding previous PSA testing, prostate cancer diagnosis, socioeconomic situation, surgical procedures and prescribed medications were collected from population-wide registries to create the Uppsala-orebro PSA cohort (UPSAC). The cohort was divided into repeat and single PSA testers. The background population used for comparison consisted of men 40 years or older, living in the Uppsala-orebro region during this time period.Results: Of the adult male population in the region, 18.1% had undergone PSA testing. Among men over 85 years old 21% where PSA tested. In our cohort, 62.1% were repeat PSA testers. Of men with a PSA level <= 1 mu g/l 53.8% had undergone repeat testing. Prostate cancer was found in 2.7% and 4.8% of the repeat and single testers, respectively.Conclusion: Every fifth man in the male background population was PSA tested. Repeated PSA testing was common despite low PSA values. As repeated PSA testing was common, especially among older men who will not be included in organized testing, special measures to change the testing patterns in this group may be required.
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