| 1. |
- Kopp, Svenny, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Girls with social deficits and learning problems: Autism, atypical Asperger syndrome or a variant of these conditions
- 1992
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Ingår i: European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. - 1018-8827 .- 1435-165X. ; 1:2, s. 89-99
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Six girls aged 6--10 years meeting criteria for autistic disorder are presented. They were all high-functioning in that they had IQs ha the 60-100 range and spoke in complicated sentences. Their clinical picture had not led a variety of specialists to consider an autism diagnosis before age 6 years in spite of the fact that they had shown mild motor delays, uncharacteristic developmental deviance and social, communicative and imaginative deficits already before age 2 years in all cases. It is suggested that the autism phenotype might be different in girls as compared with boys. It is further speculated that if female cases such as those described - and others given a whole host of different diagnostic labels - were only considered for an autism diagnosis, the high male:female ratio traditionally encountered in autism might drop considerably.
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| 2. |
- Gillberg, Christopher, 1950, et al.
(författare)
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Autism Under Age 3 Years: A Clinical Study of 28 Cases Referred for Autistic Symptoms in Infancy
- 1990
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Ingår i: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines. - : Wiley. - 0021-9630 .- 1469-7610. ; 31:6, s. 921-934
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Twenty-eight children referred with a preliminary diagnosis of autistic disorder under age 3 yrs were extensively examined from the neuropsychiatric point of view and followed up for several months to several years. A diagnosis of autistic disorder was confirmed in 75% of the cases. A variety of associated medical conditions was identified. It was concluded that autism can be diagnosed in a substantial proportion of cases before age 3 yrs and that the neurobiological background is similar to that seen in older autistic children.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Aldén, B, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term psychological outcome of children after surgery for transposition of the great arteries.
- 1998
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). - 0803-5253. ; 87:4, s. 405-410
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To assess the psychological consequences of a single congenital heart defect, we tested intellectual function, self-perception, "body image", child psychiatric symptoms and the family climate in 21 boys and 10 girls, at a mean age of 13.2 y, on average 11.5 y after surgery for transposition of the great arteries. Where applicable, test norms were used for comparison. WISC-R IQ tended to be slightly lower than that of the general population. Self-perception, as reflected on the "I think I am" test, was normal. "Body image" as measured by the "Draw-a-man" test was poor in the boys, but did not show a relationship with any other test tapping mental health. Six children (19%) had clinically significant child psychiatric symptoms, which is slightly more than expected, and were overrepresented in patients with poorer cardiac function. Five of these represented "internalizing" disorders. The patients' families scored higher than expected on the family climate "chaos" subscale, which has been demonstrated to be associated with the development of psychiatric symptoms. Overall, however, the children and their families were regarded as socially and psychologically well-functioning.
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| 5. |
- Aronson, Marita, et al.
(författare)
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Attention deficits and autistic spectrum problems in children exposed to alcohol during gestation: a follow-up study
- 1997
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Ingår i: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. - : Wiley. - 0012-1622 .- 1469-8749. ; 39:9, s. 583-587
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Children born to mothers who had abused alcohol throughout pregnancy had severe behavioural and intellectual problems which remained at age 11 to 14 years. Of 24 children examined, 10 had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with or without developmental coordination disorder, two had Asperger syndrome, and one had an autistic-like condition not meeting the criteria for Asperger syndrome. Six of these 24 attended special schools for the mentally retarded and a further 11 were given special education, leaving only seven attending regular schools without any type of support. The children had difficulties in mathematics, logical conclusions, visual perception, spatial relations, short-term memory, and attention. Sixteen children lived in foster homes. There was a clear correlation between the occurrence and severity of the neuropsychiatric disorder and the degree of alcohol exposure in utero.
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| 6. |
- Arvidsson, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Autism in 3-6-Year-Old Children in a Suburb of Goteborg, Sweden
- 1997
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Ingår i: Autism. - : SAGE Publications. - 1362-3613 .- 1461-7005. ; 1:2, s. 163-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1941 ofthe 3-6-year-old children living in a community outside Gbteborg on the Swedish west coast were screened with a view to identifying all individuals with severe degrees of autistic behaviour. All children in the population were known to well baby clinic staff, and any child suspected of suffering from autism was referred to a specialized clinical research team. The nurses and doctors working in the well baby clinics were well informed about autism. Clinical and ADI-R diagnoses of autism were established after thorough clinical assessments of each suspected case. All children were seen at least twice, and all were over the age of 3 years at the time of diagnosis. The general population prevalence for autism was 3 I in I o,ooo children (9; percent confidence interval 7/ g;). Classic Kanner autism was found in I o in Io,ooo children (9; percent confidence interval-4/24). These rates appear to reflect higher rates than previously reported. Some reasons for the possibly higher prevalence are discussed.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Bågenholm, Andriette, et al.
(författare)
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Psychosocial effects on siblings of children with autism and mental retardation: a population-based study.
- 1991
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Ingår i: Journal of Mental Deficiency Research. - 0022-264X. ; 35 (Pt4), s. 291-307
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The probands of this study were 60 children and young adults between 5 and 20 years of age, 20 of whom had siblings with autism, 20 of whom had siblings with mental retardation, and 20 of whom had siblings who were free of handicap. The three proband groups were matched for gender, birth order and socioeconomic status. The children were questioned about their sibling relationships and about particular problems they faced concerning their handicapped brothers or sisters and about problems concerning themselves. Parents were interviewed about the healthy child's behaviour and social adjustment. Mothers completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory concerning themselves. Siblings of handicapped children and especially siblings of children with autism were more concerned about the future. They also felt lonely more often and many of them had peer problems. They often regarded their handicapped siblings as a burden. They tended to have only one sibling. Siblings often did not know why their handicapped brother or sister was different from other children. There were more behaviour disturbances in the siblings of handicapped children and mothers with a child with autism reported more 'stressful events'. There were no differences as regards the personality of the mothers and the self-concept of the children between the three groups.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Ehlers, Stephan, et al.
(författare)
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A screening questionnaire for Asperger syndrome and other high-functioning autism spectrum disorders in school age children
- 1999
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Ingår i: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. - 0162-3257. ; 29:2, s. 129-141
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The high-functioning Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ) is a 27-item check- list for completion by lay informants when assessing symptoms characteristic of Asperger syn- drome and other high-functioning autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents with normal intelligence or mild mental retardation. Data for parent and teacher ratings in a clini- cal sample are presented along with various measures of reliability and validity. Optimal cut- off scores were estimated, using Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis. Findings indi- cate that the ASSQ is a useful brief screening device for the identification of autism spectrum disorders in clinical settings.
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