| 1. |
- Juliusson, Gunnar, et al.
(author)
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Leukemia
- 2016
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In: Tumors in Adolescents and Young Adults. - : S. Karger AG. - 9783318059120 - 9783318059113 ; 43, s. 87-100
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Leukemias are a group of life threatening malignant disorders of the blood and bone marrow. In the adolescent and young adult (AYA) population, the acute leukemias are most prevalent, with chronic myeloid leukemia being infrequently seen. Factors associated with more aggressive disease biology tend to increase in frequency with increasing age, whilst tolerability of treatment strategies decreases. There are also challenges regarding the effective delivery of therapy specific to the AYA group, consequences on the unique psychosocial needs of this age group, including compliance. This chapter reviews the current status of epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment strategies and outcomes of AYA leukemia, with a focus on acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia.
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| 2. |
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| 4. |
- Tsirou, Aimilia, et al.
(author)
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Long-Term Follow-Up and Survivorship
- 2016
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In: Tumors in Adolescents and Young Adults. - : S. Karger AG. - 9783318059113 - 9783318059120 ; 43, s. 27-37
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Within this chapter, we begin with the invaluable context of the experience of living after cancer as a young person. Then we move to describe the growing body of data indicating the consequences of cancer in patients diagnosed aged as teenagers and young adults (YAs). We identify that, while the variation in definitions used in the literature hamper firm conclusions, specific patterns of substantial morbidity are observed which are distinct from those seen in younger children. When combined with the epidemiology, the overall burden of late effects of adolescents and YA cancer and its treatment are a substantial public health problem. The progress in parts of Europe and the US in bringing together outcomes into medium-sized data sets, combined with the gaps in the data and remaining uncertainties, mean that the time is right for international epidemiological ascertainment of these adverse effects. There are potential benefits for commencing prospective clinical as well retrospective epidemiological study designs.
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| 5. |
- Bölükbas, Deniz, et al.
(author)
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X-Ray Dark-Field Imaging of Lung Cancer in Mice
- 2019. - 1
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In: Lung Imaging and CADx. - Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2018. : CRC Press. - 9780429055959
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Lung cancer accounts for 1.6 million deaths per year worldwide. The majority of patients are diagnosed at advanced stages of the disease and often present with metastasis. Thus, the 5-year survival rate of lung cancer remains around 15%. Early diagnosis of lung cancer allows for better control of the disease with 5-year survival rates up to around 70%. Chest radiography is the most common technique for visualizing lungs. However, small lesions in the lung are often missed by conventional X-ray radiography. New technological advances, such as grating-based imaging, allow for better contrast in soft tissue. Grating-based imaging depends on the interactions between the specimen and the X-rays while they pass through, resulting in interference and refraction of the beam. Contrast acquisition from these interactions are categorized as interferometric methods. X-ray dark-field imaging relies on quantification of small-angle scattering of the X-rays during this traverse and has shown success in obtaining enhanced contrast from soft tissues such as the lung. In in vivo models, dark-field imaging has been shown to be superior to conventional radiography for visualization of pulmonary diseases including lung cancer. In this chapter, we summarize applications of this technology for imaging of lung cancer in small animals and discuss its future perspectives and potential challenges in translation.
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| 6. |
- Giandomenico, Valeria, et al.
(author)
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Other Novel Therapies : Biomarkers, microRNAs and microRNA Inhibitors, DNA Methylation, Epigenetics, Immunotherapy and Virotherapy
- 2015
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In: Neuroendocrine Tumors. - : S. Karger. - 9783318027730 - 9783318027723 ; , s. 248-262
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) consist of heterogeneous neoplasms. The neuroendocrine cells of the human body are confined to certain organs, such as the thyroid, pancreas and adrenals, or they are dispersed throughout the body in the respiratory tract and in the intestinal mucosa. The cells belong to the diffuse endocrine cell system, share a neuroendocrine phenotype, and accumulate precursor molecules which are then processed into hormones, peptides or amines. The tightly controlled release on stimulation is either to the blood stream or adjacent cells or neurons. Neuroendocrine cells regulate various processes in the human body, such as gastrointestinal secretion, blood pressure and response to stress. NETs present a wide spectrum of malignant diseases from rather benign to very malignant and lethal variants. NETs may occur in any organ, but are mainly detected in the gastroenteropancreatic system and in the lungs. The understanding of NET biology and treatments has changed dramatically during the last decade. Today, the main problems that clinicians and translational scientists face in overcoming these malignancies relate to various aspects within the molecular pathogenesis of NETs. This chapter focuses on the importance of novel biomarkers: microRNA and microRNA inhibitors; DNA methylation and epigenetics, and immunotherapy and virotherapy to develop novel treatments for NETs.
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| 7. |
- Granberg, Dan, et al.
(author)
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Biochemical Testing in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors
- 2015
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In: Neuroendocrine Tumors. - : Krager. - 9783318027730 - 9783318027723 ; 44, s. 24-39
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Neuroendocrine tumors are usually slow-growing tumors. Many of these are capable of secreting peptide hormones or biogenic amines that may lead to endocrine syndromes. Nonfunctioning tumors can either secrete no hormones at all, or secrete hormones not giving rise to endocrine symptoms, such as chromogranin A, chromogranin B or pancreatic polypeptide. Chromogranin A is produced by the majority of endocrine tumors, both functioning and nonfunctioning, and is the best available marker for diagnosis, follow-up and treatment monitoring of patients with differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. Examples of endocrine syndromes are classical carcinoid syndrome caused by serotonin (measured in the urine as its metabolite 5-HIAA), insulinoma syndrome caused by insulin or proinsulin, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome resulting from gastrin secretion, glucagonoma syndrome caused by glucagon, WDHA syndrome caused by vasoactive intestinal peptide, or Cushing's syndrome resulting from ectopic production of adrenocorticotropic hormone or corticotropin-releasing hormone. In case there is uncertainty about the diagnosis, specific tests can be applied, such as the secretin test for diagnosis of gastrinomas and the 72-hour fast for diagnosis of an insulinoma. In patients with suspicion of an inherited syndrome, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) 1 and MEN2 syndromes, genetic testing is indicated.
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| 8. |
- Sundin, Anders, et al.
(author)
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Radiological Imaging : Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasonography.
- 2015
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In: Neuroendocrine Tumors. - : Krager. - 9783318027730 - 9783318027723 ; , s. 58-72
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Neuroendocrine tumor (NET) imaging is generally performed by a combination of radiological and functional methods. Conventional radiological imaging of morphology (anatomy) is usually performed by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound, whereas functional imaging of somatostatin receptor expression generally utilizes scintigraphy, but recently also positron emission tomography (PET). Because of the large variations in tumor characteristics (for example primary location, presence or absence of hormonal production, proliferation and metastatic spread) and disease presentation, the imaging requirements in different patients are very diverse. Imaging also needs to be adapted according to the imaging application in the individual patient (tumor localization, staging, detection of recurrent disease, monitoring of therapy). Familiarity with the contrast-enhancement technique for CT and MRI is important in the interpretation and understanding of the radiological findings. The choice of the optimal imaging techniques also needs to be considered in the light of the department's local availability and expertise. In this review, methodological aspects of radiological imaging are described, imaging requirements for various types of NETs are discussed, and typical image findings are illustrated.
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| 9. |
- Axler, Olof, et al.
(author)
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Immunophenotyping of Mature B-Cell Lymphomas
- 2018
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In: Multiparameter Flow Cytometry in the Diagnosis of Hematologic Malignancies. - : Cambridge University Press. - 9781107503830 - 9781316218549 ; , s. 105-127
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 10. |
- Chen, Yilun, et al.
(author)
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Identification and use of personalized genomic markers for monitoring circulating tumor DNA
- 2018
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In: Methods in Molecular Biology. - New York, NY : Springer New York. - 1064-3745. ; 1768, s. 303-322
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Digital PCR techniques are ideally suited for accurately quantifying trace amounts of target DNA sequences, such as tumor-derived mutant DNA that is present in the blood circulation of patients with cancer. Here, we describe an approach marrying low-coverage whole-genome sequencing of tumor tissues, to enumerate chromosomal rearrangement breakpoints, together with droplet digital PCR (ddPCR)-based personalized rearrangement assays to cost-effectively monitor circulating tumor DNA levels at multiple time-points during the clinical course. The method is generally applicable to essentially any cancer patient, as all cancers harbor unstable genomes, and may have uses for measuring minimal residual disease, response to therapy, and early detection of metastasis.
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