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- Falk Erhag, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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A Multidisciplinary Approach to Capability in Age and Ageing
- 2022
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This open access book provides insight on how to interpret capability in ageing – one’s individual ability to perform actions in order to reach goals one has reason to value – from a multidisciplinary approach. With for the first time in history there being more people in the world aged 60 years and over than there are children below the age of 5, the book describes this demographic trends as well as the large global challenges and important societal implications this will have such as a worldwide increase in the number of persons affected with dementia, and in the ratio of retired persons to those still in the labor market. Through contributions from many different research areas, it discussed how capability depends on interactions between the individual (e.g. health, genetics, personality, intellectual capacity), environment (e.g. family, friends, home, work place), and society (e.g. political decisions, ageism, historical period). The final chapter by the editors summarizes the differences and similarities in these contributions. As such this book provides an interesting read for students, teachers and researchers at different levels and from different fields interested in capability and multidisciplinary research.
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| 2. |
- E:son Jennersjö, Pär, 1956-
(författare)
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Risk factors in type 2 diabetes with emphasis on blood pressure, physical activity and serum vitamin D
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- BackgroundType 2 diabetes is a common chronic disease with a two-fold increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and has an increasing prevalence worldwide. This thesis is based on a study conducted in primary health care in Östergötland and Jönköping, Sweden. The aim of the thesis was to evaluate new risk markers to identify patients with high risk of developing cardiovascular disease in middle-aged men and women with type 2 diabetes.MethodsData from the cohort study CArdiovascular Risk in type 2 DIabetes – a Prospective study in Primary care (CARDIPP) was used. In paper III data were also used from CARDIPP-Revisited where all participants in the CARDIPP study were invited four years after the baseline investigation for a re-investigation. In paper IV data were used from CAREFUL which is a control group of 185 subjects without diabetes. The investigation included a standard medical history including data on diabetes duration and on-going medication. Anthropometric data were recorded and both office and ambulatory blood pressure were measured. The patients filled out a detailed questionnaire and physical activity was measured by using waist-mounted pedometers. Pedometer-determined physical activity was classified in four groups: Group 1: <5000 steps/day (‘sedentary’); Group 2: 5000-7499 steps/day (‘low active’); Group 3: 7500-9999 steps/day (‘somewhat active’); Group 4: and ≥10 000 steps/day (‘active’). Blood samples were drawn for routine analyses and also frozen for later analyses. The investigations at the departments of physiology included echocardiography, measurements of the carotid intima-media thickness, applanation tonometry and measurements of sagittal abdominal diameter.ResultsPaper 1:Patients with a non-dipping systolic blood pressure pattern showed higher left ventricular mass index and pulse wave velocity (PWV) compared with patients with ≥10% decline in nocturnal systolic blood pressure. Patients with <10% decline in nocturnal systolic blood pressure had higher BMI and sagittal abdominal diameter, lower GFR and higher albumin:creatinine ratio and also higher levels of NT-proBNP than patients with a dipping pattern of the nocturnal blood pressure.Paper 2:The number of steps/day were inversely significantly associated with BMI, waist circumference and sagittal abdominal diameter, levels of CRP, levels of interleukin-6 and PWV.Paper 3:At the 4-year follow-up the change in PWV (ΔPWV) from baseline was calculated. The group with the lowest steps/day had a significantly higher increase in ΔPWV compared with the group with the highest steps/day. The associations between baseline steps/day and ΔPWV remained after further adjustment in a multivariate linear regression statistically significant (p=0.005). 23% of the variation in the study could be explained by our model. Every 1000 extra steps at baseline reduced the change in ΔPWV by 0.103 m/s between baseline and follow-up.Paper 4:Low vitamin D levels were associated with significantly increased risk for premature mortality in men with type 2 diabetes. High levels of parathyroid hormone were associated with significantly increased risk for premature mortality in women with type 2 diabetes. These relationships were still statistically significant also when two other well-established risk markers for mortality, PWV and carotid intima-media thickness, were added to the analyses.ConclusionsAmbulatory blood pressure recording can by addressing the issue of diurnal blood pressure variation, explore early cardiovascular organ damage and microvascular complications that goes beyond effects of standardised office blood pressure measurements. Pedometer-determined physical activity may serve as a surrogate marker for inflammation and subclinical organ damage in patients with type 2 diabetes. There is novel support for the durable vascular protective role of a high level of daily physical activity, which is independent of BMI and systolic blood pressure. The use of pedometers is feasible in clinical practice and provides objective information not only about physical activity but also the future risk for subclinical organ damage in middle-aged people with type 2 diabetes. Our results indicate that low vitamin D levels in men or high parathyroid hormone levels in women give independent prognostic information of an increased risk for total mortality.
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| 3. |
- Lindén, Thomas, 1962
(författare)
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Demens efter stroke.
- 2007
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Ingår i: E-publikation Vårdalinstitutets hemsida "Tematiska rum" 2007.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 4. |
- Pellas, Johnny
(författare)
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Assessment and psychological treatment of depression in older adults
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Depression is one of the leading causes of disability in older adults worldwide. Many older adults with depression are undetected, and there is a need for brief, scalable psychological treatments for depression that can be delivered remotely.The aims of this thesis were 1) to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of two rating scales (PHQ-9 and GDS-15) for the detection of depression in older adults, and 2) to investigate the feasibility, preliminary efficacy and patients’ experiences of a telephone-based psychological intervention, Behavioral activation with mental imagery (BA-MI), for the treatment of depression in older adults in the context of the covid-19 pandemic. Study I showed that a cutoff of ≥6 on the GDS-15 and ≥5 on the PHQ-9 were optimal to identify major depressive disorder. When identifying both major depressive disorder and subthreshold depression, the optimal cutoff on the GDS-15 was ≥5. Study II was a randomized clinical pilot trial, CoviDep, with a treatment group receiving the BA-MI intervention, and a control group. The drop-out rate was low. Compared to the control group, the treatment group reported a decrease in depressive symptoms throughout the treatment, with a large effect-size at posttreatment. Study III was a long-term follow-up of participants in CoviDep that received the BA-MI intervention. The drop-out rate over time was low, and compared to baseline, decreases in depressive symptoms were observed with a medium effect-size at posttreatment that was maintained 1- and 3 months post-treatment but lower after 6 months. Study IV was a qualitative study. The BA-MI intervention in CoviDep was described as increasing activities and improving mood. Telephone-delivery reduced barriers due to pandemic restrictions but felt less personal and lacking non-verbal communication. Being recognized and talking to a therapist every week was healing, but the manualized mode of treatment seemed to impair the relationship.In sum, this thesis shows that both the GDS-15 and the PHQ-9 are useful tools for the detection of depression in older adults, and adds to the support for telephone-delivered BA for the treatment of depression and indicates that MI-interventions are feasible as an augmentation of BA in older adults.
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| 7. |
- Malmgren, Linnea
(författare)
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Kidney Function During Ageing and its Association with Bone Mass, Fracture and Mortality
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Osteoporosis and osteoporosis related fractures are a major health care challenge both in Sweden and globally. The cost and suffering from osteoporosis are expected to increase since the population of elderly is increasing. Bone health can be affected by altered mineral homeostasis, which in its turn can be affected by reduced kidney function. However, the course of age-related decline in kidney function and its association to osteoporosis andfracture in the very elderly need further investigation since longitudinal data are scarce. Therefore, this thesis has two main aims; 1) to investigate kidney function during ageing and 2) its association to bone health in a cohort ofelderly women.Data was collected through the Malmö Osteoporosis Prospective Risk Assessment (OPRA) cohort, a prospective cohort of 1044 community dwelling women, all aged 75 and followed for ten years with reinvestigations at age 80and 85. Data on BMD, fracture and blood biochemistry was available at all three time points.Estimated kidney function greatly depends on which marker and study equation is used. The discrepancies are to such an extent that could affect whether a person is diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or not, of particular importance in the elderly. Only women with the worst kidney function, corresponding to CKD stage 3b-5, had continuously increased mortality risk. This indicates that an age-dependent CKD definition would be of valuein elderly women.Kidney function in elderly women was associated with markers of mineral homeostasis, bone loss and BMD, but the effect size was relatively small compared to other risk factors. Also, fracture risk was increased only in womenwith mild-moderate reduction of kidney function (CKD stage 3a) and not in women with the worst kidney function (CKD stage 3b-5). Low BMD was associated with increased fracture risk independent of kidney function. Havingboth reduced kidney function and osteoporosis could present an additional risk increase.In conclusion, estimated kidney function in elderly women greatly depends on method of estimation and the results advocate for an age-adapted CKD definition. Maintaining adequate kidney function is important formaintaining bone health, although in old age it is probable that the effect size of any single specific risk factor is smaller compared with younger individuals.
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| 9. |
- Vikström Eckevall, Josefin, 1984-
(författare)
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The influence of infertility and in vitro fertilization treatment on postpartum and long-term mental health in women
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Introduction: It is estimated that about 10-15% of couples suffer from infertility, i.e. the inability to achieve a clinical pregnancy after at least one year of regular, unprotected intercourse and that between 2-5% of births are a result of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. Infertility and its treatment can have adverse effects on psychological well-being. While previous studies on postpartum depression (PPD) in IVF women suffer some methodological issues, there are no published studies on the risk of postpartum psychosis (PPP) after IVF pregnancies. Long-term, most women adjust well emotionally after IVF treatment but some, especially the childless, still suffer negative consequences. Meanwhile, few studies have extended beyond the first decade after treatment. Some studies have found that the childless elderly have social networks of less support potential but most show that psychological well-being is not affected by parental status. None of the studies have focused on the oldest old (≥85 years) and many have excluded those who live in institutional care, thus the frailest.Objective: The overall aim of this thesis was to study postpartum mental health in women who have undergone IVF treatment, using psychiatric diagnoses as outcomes, while controlling for major PPD and PPP risk factors as well as to determine the influences of childlessness, infertility and IVF treatment on long-term mental health in women. Materials and methods: Studies I-II are register-based, case control studies of 3532 (I) and 10,412 (II) primiparous women included in the Swedish IVF register. A control group of 8,553 (I) and 18,624 (II) primiparous women with spontaneous conceptions was selected from the Medical Birth Register. The main outcomes were PPD and PPP diagnoses the 1st year postpartum collected from the National Patient Register. Studies III-IV are cross-sectional. Study III included 470 women who had undergone IVF treatment 20-23 years previously. The Symptom Checklist-90 was used to investigate self-reported mental health. The results were compared with those from a population-based study and by parental status group. Study IV included 496 85-year olds. Psychological well-being, living situation, demographics and social network was investigated through a questionnaire and an interview.Results: Study I-II: There were no differences between the IVF and control group in the risk of receiving a PPD or PPP diagnosis. Having previously been diagnosed with any psychiatric, an affective or personality disorder increased the risk of PPD while any previous psychiatric, psychotic, bipolar, depressive, anxiety or personality disorder diagnosis increased the risk of PPP. None of the women had committed suicide. Study III: The IVF women reported symptoms of higher intensity and were at increased risk of symptoms of depression, obsessive-compulsion and somatisation compared with the reference group. Childless women, compared with parents, reported a higher level of mental health problems as well as symptoms of depression and phobic anxiety. Study IV: No differences in psychological wellbeing, living situation or having friends close by were found across parental status groups. The childless 85-year olds were less likely to have relatives close by and to receive help.Discussion: This thesis indicates that the risk of receiving a PPD or PPP diagnosis from in- or outpatient psychiatric care or of committing suicide during the first year postpartum is not increased in women who have undergone IVF treatment. Any negative effects of infertility and its treatment might have been mitigated by the “healthy patient effect”; those who choose to enter treatment are generally psychologically robust. A history of mental illness is a major risk factor for PPD and PPP. The risk of some adverse symptoms of mental illness might be increased in women who have undergone IVF treatment twenty years previously, especially in those who have remained childless. The childless elderly appear to have social networks of less support potential but are not more likely to live in institutional care and do not experience more adverse effects on psychological well-being than the elderly who are parents.
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