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| 2. |
- Drake, Anna Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Reliability of isokinetic ankle dorsiflexor strength measurements in healthy young men and women
- 1999
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5505 .- 1940-2228. ; 31:4, s. 229-239
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purposes of this study were: (i) to determine the test-retest reliability of isokinetic ankle dorsiflexor strength measurements in young healthy adults using the Biodex dynamometer, and (ii) to examine several statistical measures for the interpretation of reliability. Thirty men and women (mean age 23 +/- 3 years) performed three maximal concentric contractions at 30 degrees/s, 60 degrees/s, 90 degrees/s, 120 degrees/s and 150 degrees/s. Reliability of peak torque, work and torque at a specific time were assessed by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC 2,1), Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (r), standard error of the measurement (SEM), method error (ME) and coefficient of variation (CV), and by plotting the differences between observations against their means. Isokinetic tests of ankle dorsiflexor strength in healthy young adults using the Biodex dynamometer were highly reliable (ICC 0.61-0.93). It is recommended that test-retest reliability analyses include the ICC and assessments of measurement errors (SEM, ME or CV), as well as graphs to indicate any systematic variations in the data.
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| 3. |
- Drake, Anna Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Reproducibility of isokinetic ankle dorsiflexor strength and fatigue measurements in healthy older subjects.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Isokinetics and Exercise Science. - 1878-5913 .- 0959-3020. ; 15:4, s. 263-270
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to determine the test-retest (two occasions seven days part) reproducibility of isokinetic (Biodex) concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) ankle dorsiflexor strength and fatigue measurements in older subjects using several statistical methods. Thirty healthy men (n=15) and women (n=15) aged between 70 and 85 years participated in the study. To determine the reproducibility of strength measurements, the 30 individuals performed three maximal CON and ECC contractions at 30°/s and 90°/s. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC_{2.1}) for CON and ECC strength measurements was high and ranged from 0.94 to 0.98. Bland & Altman graphs and analyses indicted no systematic bias. The standard error of measurement (SEM), representing the smallest change that indicates a real improvement (or deterioration) for a group of individuals, was small (< 2.3 Nm). The smallest real difference (SRD), representing the smallest detectable change that indicates a real improvement (or deterioration) for a single subject, was also small ('error bands' from −7.2 Nm to 5.6 Nm). A high correlation (Pearson's r > 0.94) between CON peak torque at 30°/s and 90°/s, as well as ECC peak torque at 30°/s and 90°/s, suggested that any of these two velocities could be used as a reference. To determine the reproducibility of fatigue measurements, 28 of the 30 individuals performed 50 maximal CON contractions at 60°/s. Reproducibility of the loss in work (work fatigue) and the relative loss in peak torque, comparing the first three to the last three contractions (3-3), was determined and the ICC was 0.71 and 0.60, respectively. In addition, the SEM was small (< 8.4%) and the 'error bands' to define the SRD for a single subject were also small (from −23.5% to 24.5%). In conclusion, these values indicate small measurement errors and thus provide a clinically acceptable basis for testing ankle dorsiflexion strength and fatigue of the dominant side in healthy older people.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Jumisko, Eija, et al.
(författare)
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Living with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury : The meaning of family members' experiences
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Family Nursing. - : SAGE Publications. - 1074-8407 .- 1552-549X. ; 13:3, s. 353-369
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has long-lasting consequences not only for the individual with the injury but also for family members. The aim of this study is to elucidate the meaning of family members' experiences of living with an individual with moderate or severe TBI. The data have been collected by means of qualitative research interviews with 8 family member participants. A phenomenological hermeneutic interpretation (Ricouer, 1976) of the data reveal that family members struggle with their own suffering while showing compassion for the injured person. Their willingness to assume care for the injured person is derived from their feeling of natural love and the ethical demand to be responsible for the other. Hope and natural love from close relatives, the afflicted person, and other family members give the family members strength. It is important that professionals pay more attention to the suffering of close relatives.
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| 6. |
- Lexell, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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A morphometrical comparison of right and left whole human vastus lateralis muscle: how to reduce sampling errors in biopsy techniques
- 1991
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Ingår i: Clinical Physiology. - 1365-2281 .- 0144-5979. ; 11:3, s. 271-276
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In studies of the effects of different training programmes, one muscle--most commonly the vastus lateralis--is used for the experiment while the contralateral muscle serves as a control, at the same time as muscle biopsies are taken from both sides. In order to increase the reliability of such studies, the sources and the magnitude of the sampling errors in the biopsy techniques need to be assessed in detail. In this study, cross-sections of whole right and left vastus lateralis muscle from six young sedentary right-handed men were prepared, and the total number and size of fibres and the proportion of the different fibre types were calculated. A significant difference (P less than 0.05-P less than 0.001) between the right and the left muscle was found for at least one of the three variables in each of the six men, but there was no systematic difference and, therefore, no significant right-left difference for the whole group. The maximum difference between the right and the left side for the mean fibre size was 25% and for the fibre type proportion 5%; these differences are much smaller than the known variation within individual muscles. In conclusion, any study involving biopsies from both the right and the left vastus lateralis may use either muscle for the experiment while the contralateral muscle serves as a control without leading to systematic sampling error, whereas the errors involved in taking small samples from each muscle are much more important to control and to reduce.
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| 7. |
- Lexell, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Distribution of different fibre types in human skeletal muscles. A statistical and computational model for the study of fibre type grouping and early diagnosis of skeletal muscle fibre denervation and reinnervation
- 1983
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Ingår i: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. - 1878-5883 .- 0022-510X. ; 61:3, s. 301-314
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To define fibre type grouping in terms of random and non-random arrangements of the two fibre types, type 1 (ST) and type 2 (FT), we adopted the measure of counting the number of "enclosed fibres". The statistical properties of the number of enclosed fibres, and the number and size of groups of enclosed fibres were studied in computer-simulated muscle cross-sections, using a model based upon hexagonal-shaped fibres. The effects on the results of differences in the sizes of the muscle fibres were considered. The applicability of the model, and the derived results and methods of analysis were tested on 10 samples from a cross-section of a whole human muscle. The results show that the model can be applied to various shapes and sizes of muscle samples and various sizes of muscle fibres. The number of enclosed fibres within a muscle sample is the best of the three measures of non-randomness considered. A test is also described for assessing whether or not the observed number of enclosed fibres is random at a given significance level.
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| 8. |
- Lexell, Jan
(författare)
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Effekter av styrke- och uthållighetsträning på skelettmuskulaturen hos äldre. Gamla muskler blir som nya!
- 1999
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Ingår i: Läkartidningen. - 0023-7205 .- 1652-7518. ; 96:3, s. 207-209
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A well-known effect of increasing age is the gradual reduction of muscle function, and thus of performance in the activity of daily living. Recent research has shown that, even among the very elderly, exercise can improve not only strength and endurance, but also balance and mobility, thus reducing the risk of falls. The possibility of counteracting some of the age-related muscle changes has also been demonstrated. The article reviews current knowledge of strength and endurance training in the elderly, the importance of exercise to improve physical performance, and how lifelong exercise can counteract the effects associated with the ageing of the neuromuscular system.
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| 9. |
- Lexell, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Farmakologiska möjligheter vid hjärnskadebehandling. Rätt läkemedelsval kan optimera rehabiliteringsinsatserna
- 2007
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Ingår i: Läkartidningen. - 0023-7205. ; 104:35, s. 6-2422
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Acquired brain injuries can lead to cognitive, emotional as well as behavioural sequelae and can have a great impact on the affected person and his or her family. Over the last decade, pharmacological treatment has become an important part of brain injury rehabilitation. There is increasing clinical experience of the use of various drugs affecting neurotransmitters and cerebral function, but the scientific evidence is still limited. Within rehabilitation medicine there is also broad knowledge of when after a brain injury drugs can be used and which drugs that are potentially harmful and can negatively impede on post-injury recovery. In this review, we describe some brain injury signs and symptoms that commonly occur during rehabilitation and how pharmacological intervention can be used to treat these signs and symptoms.
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| 10. |
- Lexell, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Fibre type composition of rabbit tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles
- 1994
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Ingår i: Journal of Anatomy. - 0021-8782 .- 1469-7580. ; 185:Pt 1, s. 95-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rabbit tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles are used extensively in studies of stimulation-induced fibre type transformation, but the proportions and sizes of the 2 main fibre types, and the way in which they are distributed within the muscles, have never been described in any detail. In this study, transverse sections were processed by enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques and assessed morphometrically. The data were analysed by multivariate methods. In both TA and EDL muscles, the proportion of type 1 fibres varied significantly, and to a similar extent, within a cross-section, from lateral to medial and from superficial to deep parts. The fibre density, an indirect estimate of the mean muscle fibre area, also varied significantly, but not systematically, within a cross-section. For the EDL muscle, the proportion of type 1 fibres was consistently higher in the distal than in the proximal part of the muscle. The proportion of type 1 fibres was also significantly higher in the EDL than in the TA muscle for each of the 6 rabbits. There was no systematic variation between muscles from left and right limbs. The type proportions and fibre densities for both TA and EDL muscles differed significantly between individual rabbits, but not between sexes. The study provides a database that has hitherto been lacking on normal fibre type composition and its variation within and between these experimentally important muscles.
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