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| 2. |
- Cantor-Graae, Elizabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Migration as a risk factor for schizophrenia: a Danish population-based cohort study.
- 2003
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Ingår i: British Journal of Psychiatry. - 0007-1250. ; 182, s. 117-122
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background A growing body of evidence suggests that migration is a risk factor for the development of schizophrenia, although the putative mechanism remains obscure. Aims To examine immigrant background and history of foreign residence as risk factors for schizophrenia. Method Using data from the Danish Civil Registration System, we established a population-based cohort of 2.14 million persons resident in Denmark by their fifteenth birthday. Schizophrenia in cohort members and parental psychiatric disorder were identified by cross-linkage with the Danish Psychiatric Case Register. Results The relative risk of developing schizophrenia was 2.45 (95% Cl 2.25-2.67) and 1.92 (95% Cl 1.74-2.12) among first- and second-generation immigrants respectively, and 1.60 (95% Cl 1.25-2.05) among Danes with a history of foreign residence. Conclusions Migration confers an increased risk for schizophrenia that is not solely attributable to selection factors and may also be independent of foreign birth.
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| 3. |
- Cantor-Graae, Elizabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Risk of schizophrenia in second-generation immigrants: a Danish population-based cohort study.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Psychological Medicine. - 1469-8978. ; 37:4, s. 485-494
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. Urban birth, a risk factor for schizophrenia, is more frequent among secondgeneration immigrants. The aim of the current study was to determine whether the increased risk for schizophrenia found in second-generation immigrants is explained by the degree of urbanization of birthplace and/or factors related to parentage, such as geographic origin or history of residence abroad during upbringing. Method. Using data from the Danish Civil Registration System (CRS), we established a population-based cohort of 2.0 million Danes (persons born in Denmark). Schizophrenia in cohort members was identified by cross-linkage with the Danish Psychiatric Central Register. Results. The relative risk of developing schizophrenia was 1.93 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.79–2.08] and 2.96 (95% CI 2.49–3.51) among persons with one or both parents foreign-born respectively compared to native Danes. Adjustment for urbanization of birthplace and parental characteristics reduced these risks slightly. However, urbanization had a lesser effect in secondgeneration immigrants than in Danes. History of residence abroad was a risk factor for schizophrenia, regardless of whether parents were foreign-born or native Danes. Conclusion. The increased risk found in second-generation immigrants cannot be explained by urbanization or parental characteristics pertaining to age, mental illness, geographic origin or residence abroad during a child’s upbringing.
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| 4. |
- Cantor-Graae, Elizabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Schizophrenia and migration: a meta-analysis and review.
- 2005
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Ingår i: American Journal of Psychiatry. - 1535-7228. ; 162:1, s. 12-24
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The authors synthesize findings of previous studies implicating migration as a risk factor for the development of schizophrenia and provide a quantitative index of the associated effect size. METHOD: MEDLINE was searched for population-based incidence studies concerning migrants in English-language publications appearing between the years 1977 and 2003. Article bibliographies and an Australian database were cross-referenced. Studies were included if incidence reports provided numerators and denominators and if age correction was performed or could be performed by the authors. Relative risks for migrant groups were extracted or calculated for each study. Significant heterogeneity across studies indicated the need for a mixed-effects meta-analytic model. RESULTS: The mean weighted relative risk for developing schizophrenia among first-generation migrants (40 effect sizes) was 2.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]=2.3–3.2). A separate analysis performed for second-generation migrants (seven effect sizes) yielded a relative risk of 4.5 (95% CI=1.5–13.1). An analysis performed for studies concerning both first- and second-generation migrants and studies that did not distinguish between generations (50 effect sizes) yielded a relative risk of 2.9 (95% CI=2.5–3.4). Subgroup comparisons yielded significantly greater effect sizes for migrants from developing versus developed countries (relative risk=3.3, 95% CI=2.8–3.9) and for migrants from areas where the majority of the population is black (relative risk=4.8, 95% CI=3.7–6.2) versus white and neither black nor white. CONCLUSIONS: A personal or family history of migration is an important risk factor for schizophrenia. The differential risk pattern across subgroups suggests a role for psychosocial adversity in the etiology of schizophrenia.
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| 5. |
- Cantor-Graae, Elizabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Social defeat and schizophrenia - reply
- 2006
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Ingår i: British Journal of Psychiatry. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 0007-1250 .- 1472-1465. ; 188, s. 394-394
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 6. |
- El-Saadi, O, et al.
(författare)
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Paternal and maternal age as risk factors for psychosis: findings from Denmark, Sweden and Australia
- 2004
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Ingår i: Schizophrenia Research. - 0920-9964. ; 67:2-3, s. 227-236
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: While the association between increased maternal age and congenital disorders has long been recognized, the offspring of older fathers are also at increased risk of congenital disorders related to DNA errors during spermatogenesis. Recent studies have drawn attention to an association between increased paternal age and increased risk of schizophrenia. The aim of the current study was to examine both paternal and maternal age as risk factors for the broader category of psychosis. Method: We used data from three sources examining psychosis: a population-based cohort study (Denmark), and two case-control studies (Sweden and Australia). Results: When controlling for the effect of maternal age, increased paternal age was significantly associated with increased risk of psychosis in the Danish and Swedish studies. The Australian study found no association between adjusted paternal age and risk of psychosis. When controlling for the effect of paternal age, younger maternal a-e was associated with an increased risk of psychoses in the Danish study alone. Conclusions: The offspring of older fathers are at increased risk of developing psychosis. The role of paternally derived mutations and/or psychosocial factors associated with older paternal age warrants further research. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Lundberg, Patric, et al.
(författare)
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Delusional ideation and manic symptoms in potential future emigrants in Uganda.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Psychological Medicine. - 1469-8978. ; 37:4, s. 505-512
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. The cause of increased schizophrenia rates among immigrants in Europe is unknown. This study explores psychotic features in persons aspiring and actively planning to emigrate, prior to their potential emigration. Method. Potential future emigrants and controls in Kampala (Uganda) were screened for delusional ideation and manic symptoms, using the Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (PDI) and mania items from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Results. Aspirations regarding emigration were associated with increased delusional ideation compared with controls (p = 0·01), whereas active plans regarding emigration were not. Neither aspiring nor actively planning to emigrate was associated with increased manic symptoms. Subjects with increased delusional ideation also had increased manic symptoms (p < 0·001). Conclusions. Although some aspects of delusional ideation might include thoughts concerning emigration, practical circumstances (e.g. visa requirements, travel costs) probably prevent emigration of the psychosis-prone in many settings.
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| 9. |
- Lundberg, Patric, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence of delusional ideation in a district in southwestern Uganda.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Schizophrenia Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0920-9964. ; 71:1, s. 27-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Population-based prevalence studies suggest that psychosis is a continuum distributed in the general population. Aim: To assess the prevalence of delusional ideation in young healthy individuals in a low-income country setting (Uganda) and to investigate possible relevant background factors. Method: Interviews were conducted in a district capital and in three rural villages, using the Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (PDI-21). Results: Levels of delusional ideation and associated levels of distress, preoccupation, and conviction were higher than in studies conducted in Europe. Higher PDI-21 scores were associated with younger age and with urban residence. The urban effect was stronger in persons with a higher level of education. Conclusions: Although the factors that contribute to population differences in levels of delusional ideation are currently unknown, the results suggest that urban residence may be an important influence.
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| 10. |
- McNeil, T F, et al.
(författare)
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Unwanted pregnancy as a risk factor for offspring schizophrenia-spectrum and affective disorders in adulthood: a prospective high-risk study.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Psychological Medicine. - 1469-8978. ; 39:6, s. 957-965
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: This study investigated whether 'unwanted pregnancy' (i.e. a negative or ambivalent attitude towards the pregnancy/reproduction) is associated with schizophrenia-spectrum and affective disorders in the offspring in adulthood, and if so, whether other pregnancy, perinatal, childhood or genetic-risk factors account for this association.MethodIn a prospective study beginning during pregnancy, unwanted pregnancy (in combination with other early life risk factors) was studied in relation to adult mental disorders in 75 genetic high-risk (HR) and 91 normal-risk (NR) offspring, defined through maternal psychosis history. Early life risk factors were studied through personal interviews, observations and medical records, and offspring mental disorders were independently diagnosed through follow-up examination at about 22 years of age. RESULTS: Unwanted pregnancy by itself was significantly related to adult offspring schizophrenia-spectrum disorders in both the total sample and the HR subgroup, but the effect was found to be limited to the HR group and occurred in interaction with genetic risk. Other co-temporaneous pregnancy stressors and later perinatal complications, malformations and early childhood environmental stressors could not explain this relationship. Unwanted pregnancy also interacted with genetic-risk status in relating to affective disorders in the offspring. CONCLUSIONS: Unwanted pregnancy, when occurring together with genetic risk for psychosis, was found to be related to both adult schizophrenia-spectrum and affective mental disorders in the offspring. Although the effect of unwanted pregnancy could be mediated by other yet-unidentified factors, unwanted pregnancy might be a functional, discrete environmental psychosocial factor with its own deleterious impact on offspring mental development, when co-occurring with genetic risk.
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