| 1. |
- McGinn, Steven, et al.
(författare)
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New Technologies for DNA analysis-A review of the READNA Project.
- 2016
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Ingår i: New Biotechnology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-4347 .- 1871-6784.
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The REvolutionary Approaches and Devices for Nucleic Acid analysis (READNA) project received funding from the European Commission for 4 1/2 years. The objectives of the project revolved around technological developments in nucleic acid analysis. The project partners have discovered, created and developed a huge body of insights into nucleic acid analysis, ranging from improvements and implementation of current technologies to the most promising sequencing technologies that constitute a 3(rd) and 4(th) generation of sequencing methods with nanopores and in situ sequencing, respectively.
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| 2. |
- Rugbjerg, Peter, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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The future of self-selecting and stable fermentations
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1367-5435 .- 1476-5535. ; 47:11, s. 993-1004
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Unfavorable cell heterogeneity is a frequent risk during bioprocess scale-up and characterized by rising frequencies of low-producing cells. Low-producing cells emerge by both non-genetic and genetic variation and will enrich due to their higher specific growth rate during the extended number of cell divisions of large-scale bioproduction. Here, we discuss recent strategies for synthetic stabilization of fermentation populations and argue for their application to make cell factory designs that better suit industrial needs. Genotype-directed strategies leverage DNA-sequencing data to inform strain design. Self-selecting phenotype-directed strategies couple high production with cell proliferation, either by redirected metabolic pathways or synthetic product biosensing to enrich for high-performing cell variants. Evaluating production stability early in new cell factory projects will guide heterogeneity-reducing design choices. As good initial metrics, we propose production half-life from standardized serial-passage stability screens and production load, quantified as production-associated percent-wise growth rate reduction. Incorporating more stable genetic designs will greatly increase scalability of future cell factories through sustaining a high-production phenotype and enabling stable long-term production.
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| 3. |
- Akkilic, Namik, et al.
(författare)
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Single-molecule biosensors: Recent advances and applications
- 2020
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Ingår i: Biosensors and Bioelectronics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-5663 .- 1873-4235. ; 151
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Single-molecule biosensors serve the unmet need for real time detection of individual biological molecules in the molecular crowd with high specificity and accuracy, uncovering unique properties of individual molecules which are hidden when measured using ensemble averaging methods. Measuring a signal generated by an individual molecule or its interaction with biological partners is not only crucial for early diagnosis of various diseases such as cancer and to follow medical treatments but also offers a great potential for future point-of-care devices and personalized medicine. This review summarizes and discusses recent advances in nanosensors for both in vitro and in vivo detection of biological molecules offering single-molecule sensitivity. In the first part, we focus on label-free platforms, including electrochemical, plasmonic, SERS-based and spectroelectrochemical biosensors. We review fluorescent single-molecule biosensors in the second part, highlighting nanoparticle-amplified assays, digital platforms and the utilization of CRISPR technology. We finally discuss recent advances in the emerging nanosensor technology of important biological species as well as future perspectives of these sensors.
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| 4. |
- Alrifaiy, Ahmed, et al.
(författare)
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Polymer-based microfluidic devices for pharmacy, biology and tissue engineering
- 2012
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Ingår i: Polymers. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4360. ; 4:3, s. 1349-1398
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reviews microfluidic technologies with emphasis on applications in the fields of pharmacy, biology, and tissue engineering. Design and fabrication of microfluidic systems are discussed with respect to specific biological concerns, such as biocompatibility and cell viability. Recent applications and developments on genetic analysis, cell culture, cell manipulation, biosensors, pathogen detection systems, diagnostic devices, high-throughput screening and biomaterial synthesis for tissue engineering are presented. The pros and cons of materials like polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), polycarbonate (PC), cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), glass, and silicon are discussed in terms of biocompatibility and fabrication aspects. Microfluidic devices are widely used in life sciences. Here, commercialization and research trends of microfluidics as new, easy to use, and cost-effective measurement tools at the cell/tissue level are critically reviewed.
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| 5. |
- Arsov, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Advanced glycation end-products and skin autofluorescence in end-stage renal disease : a review
- 2014
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Ingår i: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. - : Walter de Gruyter. - 1434-6621 .- 1437-4331. ; 52:1, SI, s. 11-20
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially in its end stage, is marked by extremely high cardiovascular rates of morbidity and mortality; hemodialysis patients have a five-fold shorter life expectancy than healthy subjects of the same age. In CKD the metabolic products that accumulate in the body are so-called uremic toxins. These include advanced glycation end-products (AGE). AGE levels are markedly increased in CKD patients not only because of impaired excretion but also because of increased production. AGE formation has initially been described as a non-enzymatic reaction between proteins and glucose in the so-called Maillard reaction, but they are also more rapidly formed during oxidative stress and subsequent formation of reactive carbonyl compounds like (methyl) glyoxal. AGE accumulate in tissue where they cross-link with proteins, e. g., collagen, inducing tissue stiffening of blood vessels and skin. They may also interact with receptor of AGE (RAGE) and other receptors, which lead to activation of intracellular transduction mechanisms resulting in cytokine release and further tissue damage in CKD. The accumulation of AGE in the skin can be measured non-invasively using autofluorescence. The skin autofluorescence is a strong marker of cardiovascular mortality in CKD. The focus of this review is on the role of tissue and plasma AGE, and of skin autofluorescence as a proxy of tissue AGE accumulation, in the increase in cardiovascular disease in end stage renal disease (ESRD). This review will also present the possibility of reducing the AGE accumulation in ESRD patients using the following five methods: 1) use of low AGE peritoneal dialysis solutions; 2) use of advanced hemodialysis techniques; 3) use of AGE reducing drugs; 4) optimizing the nutrition of hemodialysis patients; and 5) renal transplantation.
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| 6. |
- Ashton, Nicholas J., et al.
(författare)
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Update on biomarkers for amyloid pathology in Alzheimer's disease
- 2018
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Ingår i: Biomarkers in Medicine. - : Future Medicine Ltd. - 1752-0363 .- 1752-0371. ; 12:7, s. 799-812
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- At the center of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis is the aberrant aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) into oligomers, fibrils and plaques. Effective monitoring of Aβ deposition directly in patients is essential to assist anti-Aβ therapeutics in target engagement and participant selection. In the advent of approved anti-Aβ therapeutics, biomarkers will become of fundamental importance in initiating treatments having disease modifying effects at the earliest stage. Two well-established Aβ biomarkers are widely utilized: Aβ-binding ligands for positron emission tomography and immunoassays to measure Aβ42 in cerebrospinal fluid. In this review, we will discuss the current clinical, diagnostic and research state of biomarkers for Aβ pathology. Furthermore, we will explore the current application of blood-based markers to assess Aβ pathology.
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| 7. |
- Baltrusis, Paulius, et al.
(författare)
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Digital PCR: modern solution to parasite diagnostics and population trait genetics
- 2023
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Ingår i: Parasites and Vectors. - 1756-3305. ; 16
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic approaches has steadily increased in the field of parasitology in recent decades. The most recent large-scale technological modification of the PCR formula, also known as third-generation PCR, came in the form of digital PCR (dPCR). Currently, the most common form of dPCR on the market is digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). Unlike quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), the digital format allows for highly sensitive, absolute quantification of nucleic acid targets and does not require external standards to be included in the developed assays. Dividing each sample into thousands of compartments and using statistical models also eliminates the need for technical replicates. With unprecedented sensitivity and enforcement of binary endpoint reactions, ddPCR not only allows the use of tiny sample volumes (especially important when working with limited amounts of DNA) but also minimises the impact of variations in amplification efficiency and the presence of inhibitors. As ddPCR is characterised by excellent features such as high throughput, sensitivity and robust quantification, it is widely used as a diagnostic tool in clinical microbiology. Due to recent advances, both the theoretical background and the practical, current applications related to the quantification of nucleic acids of eukaryotic parasites need to be updated. In this review, we present the basics of this technology (particularly useful for new users) and consolidate recent advances in the field with a focus on applications to the study of helminths and protozoan parasites.
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| 8. |
- Breimer, Lars H., et al.
(författare)
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Has folate a role in the developing nervous system after birth and not just during embryogenesis and gestation?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. - London, United Kingdom : Informa Healthcare. - 0036-5513 .- 1502-7686. ; 72:3, s. 185-191
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is now 30 years since the first publications stating that supplementation with folate could prevent neural tube defects appeared and 20 years since the definitive data, including prevention of other birth defects. Since then epidemiological studies and animal experiments have identified folate as a molecule at the crossroads of neural development. Fortification of food has greatly reduced the incidence of spina bifida. Much interest has focussed on long-term sequelae in children born to mothers severely deprived of folate (and other nutrients) such as during the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944 and in poor parts of the world. In addition, deficiency in folate and B12 are increasingly discussed as a possible contributing factor in dementia and congenital orofacial and heart malformations. The year 2011 saw the publication of a study that implicated low folate intake in poorer school performance of adolescents as judged by school marks. This has enormous social implications but needs confirmation from other settings. This review assesses the current state of evidence and sets the data in context of whether folate has a role in the development and plasticity of the nervous system even after birth, with particular emphasis on childhood and adolescence.
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| 9. |
- Campanini, Isabella, et al.
(författare)
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Fundamental Concepts of Bipolar and High-Density Surface EMG Understanding and Teaching for Clinical, Occupational, and Sport Applications: Origin, Detection, and Main Errors
- 2022
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Ingår i: Sensors. - : MDPI AG. - 1424-8220. ; 22:11
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Surface electromyography (sEMG) has been the subject of thousands of scientific articles, but many barriers limit its clinical applications. Previous work has indicated that the lack of time, competence, training, and teaching is the main barrier to the clinical application of sEMG. This work follows up and presents a number of analogies, metaphors, and simulations using physical and mathematical models that provide tools for teaching sEMG detection by means of electrode pairs (1D signals) and electrode grids (2D and 3D signals). The basic mechanisms of sEMG generation are summarized and the features of the sensing system (electrode location, size, interelectrode distance, crosstalk, etc.) are illustrated (mostly by animations) with examples that teachers can use. The most common, as well as some potential, applications are illustrated in the areas of signal presentation, gait analysis, the optimal injection of botulinum toxin, neurorehabilitation, ergonomics, obstetrics, occupational medicine, and sport sciences. The work is primarily focused on correct sEMG detection and on crosstalk. Issues related to the clinical transfer of innovations are also discussed, as well as the need for training new clinical and/or technical operators in the field of sEMG.
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| 10. |
- D'Arcy, Padraig, et al.
(författare)
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Deubiquitinase inhibition as a cancer therapeutic strategy
- 2015
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Ingår i: Pharmacology and Therapeutics. - : Elsevier. - 0163-7258 .- 1879-016X. ; 147, s. 32-54
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is the main system for controlled protein degradation and a key regulator of fundamental cellular processes. The dependency of cancer cells on a functioning UPS has made this an attractive target for development of drugs that show selectivity for tumor cells. Deubiquitinases (DUBs, ubiquitin isopeptidases) are components of the UPS that catalyze the removal of ubiquitin moieties from target proteins or polyubiquitin chains, resulting in altered signaling or changes in protein stability. A number of DUBs regulate processes associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis, and as such represent candidate targets for cancer therapeutics. The majority of DUBs are cysteine proteases and are likely to be more "druggable" than E3 ligases. Cysteine residues in the active sites of DUBs are expected to be reactive to various electrophiles. Various compounds containing α,β-unsaturated ketones have indeed been demonstrated to inhibit cellular DUB activity. Inhibition of proteasomal cysteine DUB enzymes (i.e. USP14 and UCHL5) can be predicted to be particularly cytotoxic to cancer cells as it leads to blocking of proteasome function and accumulation of proteasomal substrates. We here provide an overall review of DUBs relevant to cancer and of various small molecules which have been demonstrated to inhibit DUB activity.
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