1.
Nijsingh, Niels, 1977, et al.
(författare)
Managing pollution from antibiotics manufacturing: charting actors, incentives and disincentives
2019
Ingår i: Environmental health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-069X. ; 18
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat) abstract
Background Emissions of high concentrations of antibiotics from manufacturing sites select for resistant bacteria and may contribute to the emergence of new forms of resistance in pathogens. Many scientists, industry, policy makers and other stakeholders recognize such pollution as an unnecessary and unacceptable risk to global public health. An attempt to assess and reduce such discharges, however, quickly meets with complex realities that need to be understood to identify effective ways to move forward. This paper charts relevant key actor-types, their main stakes and interests, incentives that can motivate them to act to improve the situation, as well as disincentives that may undermine such motivation. Methods The actor types and their respective interests have been identified using research literature, publicly available documents, websites, and the knowledge of the authors. Results Thirty-three different actor-types were identified, representing e.g. commercial actors, public agencies, states and international institutions. These are in complex ways connected by interests that sometimes may conflict and sometimes pull in the same direction. Some actor types can act to create incentives and disincentives for others in this area. Conclusions The analysis demonstrates and clarifies the challenges in addressing industrial emissions of antibiotics, notably the complexity of the relations between different types of actors, their international dependency and the need for transparency. The analysis however also suggests possible ways of initiating incentive-chains to eventually improve the prospects of motivating industry to reduce emissions. High-resource consumer states, especially in multinational cooperation, hold a key position to initiate such chains.
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Almäng, Jan, 1976
(författare)
McDowell's Naturalism
2006
Ingår i: Kvantifikator för en Dag. Essays Dedicated to Dag Westerståhl on his Sixtieth Birthday. - 1652-0459. ; , s. 37-52
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
This is an essay on McDowell’s naturalism. It is, pace some commentators, argued that McDowell’s naturalism does not end up in any strange metaphysical positions in the philosophy of mind, because second nature non-reductively supervenes on first nature and have causal powers. Pace certain other commentators, it is also argued that McDowell can be read as drawing a clear line between ethical platonism, and his own naturalized platonism, but only at the cost of landing in standard naturalism.
5.
Bergman, Erik, et al.
(författare)
A natural language processing approach towards harmonisation of European medicinal product information
2022
Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 17:10
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat) abstract
Product information (PI) is a vital part of any medicinal product approved for use within the European Union and consists of a summary of products characteristics (SmPC) for healthcare professionals and package leaflet (PL) for patients, together with the product packaging. In this study, based on the English corpus of the EMA product information documents for all centrally approved medicinal products within the EU, a BERT sentence embedding model was used together with clustering and dimensional reduction techniques to identify sentence similarity clusters that could be candidates for standardization. A total of 1258 medicinal products were included in the study. From these, a total of 783 K sentences were extracted from SmPC and PL documents which were aggregated into a total of 284 and 129 semantic similarity clusters, respectively. The spread distribution among clusters shows separation into different cluster types. Examples of clusters with low spread include those with identical word embeddings due to current standardization, such as section headings and standard phrases. Others show minor linguistic variations, while the group with the largest variability contains variable wording but with significant semantic overlap. The sentence clusters identified could serve as candidates for further standardization of the PI. Moving from free text human wording to auto-generated text elements based on multiple-choice input for appropriate parts of the package leaflet and summary of product characteristics, could reduce both time and complexity for applicants as well as regulators, and ultimately provide patients and prescribers with documents that are easier to understand and better adapted for search availabilities.
6.
Funestrand, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
Substandard and falsified medical products are a global public health threat. A pilot survey of awareness among physicians in Sweden
2019
Ingår i: Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1741-3850 .- 1741-3842. ; 41:1, s. 95-102
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat) abstract
BackgroundSubstandard and falsified medical products are a public health threat, primarily associated with low- and middle-income countries. Today, the phenomenon also exists in high-income countries. Increased Internet access has opened a global market. Self-diagnosis and self-prescription have boosted the market for unregulated websites with access to falsified medicines.AimTo describe the state of knowledge and experience on SF medical products among emergency physicians (EPs) and general practitioners (GPs) in Sweden.MethodsAn online survey with anonymous answers from 100 EPs and 100 GPs. Physicians were recruited from TNS SIFO’s medical database. The term in the survey was ‘illegal and falsified medicines’ which was common in Sweden at that time. It corresponds well with the term ‘substandard and falsified medical products’ that the WHO launched shortly after our data collection. We report our results with this term.ResultsIn Sweden, 78.5% of the physicians had heard the term ‘illegal and falsified medicines’ and 36.5% had met patients they suspected had taken it. Physicians lacked awareness of the use of the reporting system and wanted more knowledge about how to deal with patients who have possibly used falsified medicines.ConclusionsTo meet the public health threat of SF medical products, physicians need more knowledge.
7.
Govender, Rydvikha, 1989, et al.
(författare)
Enabling modular dosage form concepts for individualized multidrug therapy: Expanding the design window for poorly water-soluble drugs
2021
Ingår i: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-5173 .- 1873-3476. ; 602
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat) abstract
Multidrug dosage forms (aka combination dosage forms, polypills, etc.) create value for patients through reduced pill burdens and simplified administration to improve adherence to therapy. Enhanced flexibility of multidrug dosage forms would provide further opportunities to better match emerging needs for individualized therapy. Through modular dosage form concepts, one approach to satisfy these needs is to adapt multidrug dosage forms to a wider variety of drugs, each with a variety of doses and release profiles. This study investigates and technically explores design requirements for extending the capability of modular multidrug dosage form concepts towards individualization. This builds on our recent demonstration of independent tailoring of dose and drug release, which is here extended towards poorly water-soluble drugs. The challenging design requirement of carrying higher drug loads in smaller volumes to accommodate multiple drugs at their clinical dose is here met regarding dose and release performance. With a modular concept, we demonstrate high precision (<5% RSD) in dose and release performance of individual modules containing felodipine or naproxen in Kollidon VA64 at both a wide drug loading range (5% w/w and 50% w/w drug) and a small module size (3.6 mg). In a forward-looking design-based discussion, further requirements are addressed, emphasizing that reproducible individual module performance is predictive of dosage form performance, provided the modules are designed to act independently. Therefore, efforts to incorporate progressively higher drug loads within progressively smaller module volumes will be crucial to extend the design window further towards full flexibility of future dosage forms for individualized multidrug therapy.
8.
Lundin, Susanne, et al.
(författare)
Läkemedel på nya arenor
2019
Ingår i: Kultur X : 10-talet i kulturvetenskaplig belysning - 10-talet i kulturvetenskaplig belysning. - 2001-7510 .- 2001-7529. - 9789198545920 - 9789198545937 ; 24, s. 117-127
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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Troein, Margareta, et al.
(författare)
Läkemedel som hot
2018
Ingår i: AllmänMedicin. - 0281-3513. ; 39:4, s. 39-42
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
Problemet med förfalskade läkemedel är stort globalt. Patienter med svårbedömdasymtom kan ha biverkningar av sådana. Läkare behöver vara mer medvetna om förekomsten av förfalskade läkemedel, och veta hur de ska handskas med problemet.
