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1.
  • Azzinnari, M, et al. (författare)
  • Efectos del ejercicio en la señalización de NF-kB durante la restricción calórica severa
  • 2017
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • El sobrepeso y la obesidad, en crecimiento en todo el mundo, se asocian con una alta tasa de mortalidad e morbilidad[1,2]. La causa principal que conduce a éstas condiciones patológicas es un balance energético positivo sostenido a largo plazo, debido a la inactividad física y la ingesta calórica excesiva[3]. Por lo tanto, ejercicio físico y restricción calórica podrían ser dos estratégias eficaces para prevenir y contrastar el excesivo acumulo de grasa corporal que caracteriza estas patologías. Sin embargo, durante dietas muy bajas en calorías (<800 Kcal/día) se pierde no solo masa grasa sino también masa muscular, reportando efectos negativos para la salud[4]. En dichas condiciones,  el ejercicio físico permite preservar masa muscular de manera local y dosis-dependiente, mientras la ingestión de proteínas no ejerce particulares efectos protectivos sobre el tejido contráctil[5]. Los mecanismos moleculares implicados en la preservación de la masa muscular inducida por el ejercicio durante este tipo de dietas no han sido definidos claramente. NF-kB es un factor de transcripción cuya activación provoca atrofia muscular, y su bloqueo puede parcialmente limitar este fenomeno[6]. NF-kB se ha mostrado activado de manera aguda por el ejercicio y la restricción calorica, sin embargo no ha sido definida su respuesta a la restricción calórica en conjunción con el ejercicio prolongado de baja intensidad. Además, cuando los niveles basales de NF-kB son altos, el ejercicio no parece aumentar ulteriormente su señalización[7]. Por las razones presentadas, NF-kB podría desempeñar un rol en la preservación de masa magra inducida por el ejercicio durante  la restricción calórica.El objetivo del estudio es establecer la respuesta de NF-kB a la restricción calórica severa en conjunción con el ejercicio prolongado de baja intensidad. Las hipótesis fueron las siguientes: 1) la restricción calórica severa activaría la via de NF-kB y 2) dicha activación será atenuada por el ejercicio de manera local y dosis-dependiente.15 sujetos con sobrepeso y obesidad fueron sometidos a tres fases experimentales: fase 1, en la que la dieta y el nivel de actividad física de los participantes fue monitorizado durante una semana (PRE); fase 2, caracterizada por cuatro días de ejercicio prolongado y de restricción calórica severa (RCE); fase 3, caracterizada por tres días de ejercicio reducido y una dieta isoenergética (DC). Durante la fase 2, los sujetos ingeriron hidratos de carbono o proteínas (0.8 g/kg peso corporal/día; 320 kcal/día) y hicieron 45 minutos de pedaleo con un solo miembro superior (15% Ppeak) seguidos de 8 horas de caminata (4.5 km/h; 35 km/día). Las biopsias musculares fueron recogidas de ambos los deltoides y del vasto lateral en la fase 1 y después de la fase 2 y 3. Mediante Western blot, se determinó la expresión de NF-κB p105, NF-κB p50, la fosforilación de la Serina 32/36 de IκBα e IκBα total. La composición corporal se midió mediante DXA. Estadística: ANOVA para medidas repetidas.Durante los 4 días de restricción calórica severa el deficit energético fue de 5500 Kcal. Después de la fase 2 los sujetos perdieron menos masa magra en los miembros inferiores y en el brazo ejercitado respecto al brazo de control: 57% (P<0.05) y 29% (P=0.05), respectivamente. Tras la fase 2 y 3, el contenido de p105 y de p50 fue menor en los miembros inferiores respecto a los superiores: efecto extremidad P=0.003 y P=0.024 para p105 y p50, respectivamente. Tras la fase 3, la fosforilación de la Serina 32/36 de IkBα aumentó únicamente en las piernas, mientras la expresión total IkBα fue mayor solo en los miembros ejercitados (P<0.05).El ejercicio físico atenuó la activación de la señalización de NF-kB durante 4 días de restricción calórica severa, limitando el incremento de la expresión de p50 y p105, que resultó más baja después de la fase 2 y la fase 3 en los miembros inferiores respecto a los miembros superiores, posiblemente debido a la mayor cantidad de ejercicio a la que fueron sometidos. Además, la expresión total de IkBα fue más alta tras la fase 3 solo en los miembros ejercitados, indicando una posible inhibición de la vía de   NF-kB inducida por el ejercicio. Por lo tanto, dado la menor activación de la señalización de NF-kB en los miembros que perdieron menor masa muscular, los resultados sugieren que los efectos protectores del ejercicio físico sobre el tejido contráctil podrían ser mediados a una menor activación de la señalización de NF-kB.El ejercicio físico desempeña una función preservadora sobre la masa muscular durante la restricción calórica severa. La preservación de masa muscular es dosis-dependiente (a mayor volumen, mayor preservación) y está mediada, al menos parcialmente, por una menor activación de la señalización por NF-kB.1.Hill, J. O., H. R. Wyatt, et al. (2012). Circulation 126(1): 126-132.2.Di Angelantonio, E., N. Bhupathiraju Sh, et al. (2016). Lancet 388(10046): 776-786. 3.Chaston, T. B., J. B. Dixon, et al. (2007). Int J Obes (Lond) 31(5): 743-750. 4.Calbet, J. A., J. G. Ponce-Gonzalez, et al. (2017). Front Physiol (Accepted, In press).5.Cai, D., J. D. Frantz, et al. (2004). Cell 119(2): 285-298.6.Tantiwong, P., K. Shanmugasundaram, et al. (2010). Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 299(5): E794-801.7.NCD-RisC (2016). Lancet 387(10026): 1377-1396.
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2.
  • Beaven, Martyn, et al. (författare)
  • Physiological comparison of concentric and eccentric arm cycling in males and females
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 5:9, s. Art. no. e112079-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Lower body eccentric exercise is well known to elicit high levels of muscular force with relatively low cardiovascular and metabolic strain. As a result, eccentric exercise has been successfully utilised as an adaptive stressor to improve lower body muscle function in populations ranging from the frail and debilitated, to highly-trained individuals. Here we investigate the metabolic, cardiorespiratory, and energy costs of upper body eccentric exercise in a healthy population. Seven men and seven women performed 4-min efforts of eccentric (ECC) or concentric (CON) arm cycling on a novel arm ergometer at workloads corresponding to 40, 60, and 80% of their peak workload as assessed in an incremental concentric trial. The heart rate, ventilation, cardiac output, respiratory exchange ratio, and blood lactate concentrations were all clearly greater in CON condition at all of the relative workloads (all p<0.003). Effect size calculations demonstrated that the magnitude of the differences in VO2 and work economy between the ECC and CON exercise ranged from very large to extremely large; however, in no case did mechanical efficiency (ηMECH) differ between the conditions (all p>0.05). In contrast, delta efficiency (ηΔ), as previously defined by Coyle and colleagues in 1992, demonstrated a sex difference (men>women; p<0.05). Sex differences were also apparent in arteriovenous oxygen difference and heart rate during CON. Here, we reinforce the high-force, low cost attributes of eccentric exercise which can be generalised to the muscles of the upper body. Upper body eccentric exercise is likely to form a useful adjunct in debilitative, rehabilitative, and adaptive clinical exercise programs; however, reports of a shift towards an oxidative phenotype should be taken into consideration by power athletes. We suggest delta efficiency as a sensitive measure of efficiency that allowed the identification of sex differences.
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3.
  • Born, DP, et al. (författare)
  • A novel compression garment with adhesive silicone stripes improves repeated sprint performance : a multi-experimental approach on the underlying mechanisms.
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2052-1847. ; 6:21
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND:Repeated sprint performance is determined by explosive production of power, as well as rapid recovery between successive sprints, and there is evidence that compression garments and sports taping can improve both of these factors.METHODS:In each of two sub-studies, female athletes performed two sets of 30 30-m sprints (one sprint per minute), one set wearing compression garment with adhesive silicone stripes (CGSS) intended to mimic taping and the other with normal clothing, in randomized order. Sub-study 1 (n = 12) focused on cardio-respiratory, metabolic, hemodynamic and perceptual responses, while neuronal and biomechanical parameters were examined in sub-study 2 (n = 12).RESULTS:In both sub-studies the CGSS improved repeated sprint performance during the final 10 sprints (best P < 0.01, d = 0.61). None of the cardio-respiratory or metabolic variables monitored were altered by wearing this garment (best P = 0.06, d = 0.71). Also during the final 10 sprints, rating of perceived exertion by the upper leg muscles was reduced (P = 0.01, d = 1.1), step length increased (P = 0.01, d = 0.91) and activation of the m. rectus femoris elevated (P = 0.01, d = 1.24), while the hip flexion angle was lowered throughout the protocol (best P < 0.01, d = 2.28) and step frequency (best P = 0.34, d = 0.2) remained unaltered.CONCLUSION:Although the physiological parameters monitored were unchanged, the CGSS appears to improve performance during 30 30-m repeated sprints by reducing perceived exertion and altering running technique.
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4.
  • Carlsson, Lars, et al. (författare)
  • Enhanced systolic myocardial function in elite endurance athletes during combined arm-and-leg exercise
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Applied Physiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1439-6319 .- 1439-6327. ; 111:6, s. 905-913
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The aim here was to employ color tissue velocity imaging (TVI), to test the hypothesis that highly trained endurance athletes exhibit enhanced systolic function of the left ventricular (LV) myocardium both at rest and during combined arm-and-leg exercise in comparison with untrained subjects. For each of the ten elite male (EG) and ten matched control participants (CG), LV dimensions and systolic function were assessed at rest using echocardiography. Subsequently, these subjects exercised continuously on a combined arm-and-leg cycle ergometer for 3 min each at 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% of VO2max. Oxygen uptake, heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and peak contraction systolic velocities of the LV myocardium (PSV) were recorded in the end of each level. At rest, the trained and untrained groups differed with respect to LV dimensions, but not systolic function. At 60–100% VO2max, the EG group demonstrated both higher PSV and SBP. The observation that the EG athletes had higher PSV than CG during exercise at 60–100% VO2max, but not at rest or at 50% of VO2max, suggested an enhanced systolic capacity. This improvement is likely to be due to an enhanced inotropic contractility, which only becomes apparent during exercise.
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5.
  • Cheng, Arthur J., et al. (författare)
  • Post-exercise recovery of contractile function and endurance in humans and mice is accelerated by heating and slowed by cooling skeletal muscle
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Journal of Physiology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0022-3751 .- 1469-7793. ; 595:24, s. 7413-7426
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Key points: We investigated whether intramuscular temperature affects the acute recovery of exercise performance following fatigue-induced by endurance exercise. Mean power output was better preserved during an all-out arm-cycling exercise following a 2 h recovery period in which the upper arms were warmed to an intramuscular temperature of ˜ 38°C than when they were cooled to as low as 15°C, which suggested that recovery of exercise performance in humans is dependent on muscle temperature. Mechanisms underlying the temperature-dependent effect on recovery were studied in intact single mouse muscle fibres where we found that recovery of submaximal force and restoration of fatigue resistance was worsened by cooling (16-26°C) and improved by heating (36°C). Isolated whole mouse muscle experiments confirmed that cooling impaired muscle glycogen resynthesis. We conclude that skeletal muscle recovery from fatigue-induced by endurance exercise is impaired by cooling and improved by heating, due to changes in glycogen resynthesis rate.Manipulation of muscle temperature is believed to improve post-exercise recovery, with cooling being especially popular among athletes. However, it is unclear whether such temperature manipulations actually have positive effects. Accordingly, we studied the effect of muscle temperature on the acute recovery of force and fatigue resistance after endurance exercise. One hour of moderate-intensity arm cycling exercise in humans was followed by 2 h recovery in which the upper arms were either heated to 38°C, not treated (33°C), or cooled to ∼15°C. Fatigue resistance after the recovery period was assessed by performing 3 × 5 min sessions of all-out arm cycling at physiological temperature for all conditions (i.e. not heated or cooled). Power output during the all-out exercise was better maintained when muscles were heated during recovery, whereas cooling had the opposite effect. Mechanisms underlying the temperature-dependent effect on recovery were tested in mouse intact single muscle fibres, which were exposed to ∼12 min of glycogen-depleting fatiguing stimulation (350 ms tetani given at 10 s interval until force decreased to 30% of the starting force). Fibres were subsequently exposed to the same fatiguing stimulation protocol after 1-2 h of recovery at 16-36°C. Recovery of submaximal force (30 Hz), the tetanic myoplasmic free [Ca2+] (measured with the fluorescent indicator indo-1), and fatigue resistance were all impaired by cooling (16-26°C) and improved by heating (36°C). In addition, glycogen resynthesis was faster at 36°C than 26°C in whole flexor digitorum brevis muscles. We conclude that recovery from exhaustive endurance exercise is accelerated by raising and slowed by lowering muscle temperature.
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6.
  • Dunst, Anna Katharina, et al. (författare)
  • Fatigue-Free Force-Velocity and Power-Velocity Profiles for Elite Track Sprint Cyclists: The Influence of Duration, Gear Ratio and Pedalling Rates
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Sports. - : MDPI. - 2075-4663. ; 10:9
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Maximal force-velocity (F/v) profiles for track cyclists are commonly derived from ergometer sprints using an isovelocity or isoinertial approach. Previously, an attempt was made to derive maximal F/v profiles from a single maximal 65-m sprint on the cycling track. Hypothesising that this approach may not accurately reflect the fatigue-free F/v profile, we propose an alternative procedure and compare it to the previous method. Moreover, we test for the impact of gear ratio on diagnostic results.Methods: Twelve elite track cyclists completed a high-cadence low-resistance pedalling test on a freestanding roller (motoric test) and two series of three maximal 65-m sprints on a cycling track with different gear ratios. F/v profiles were calculated based on the measured crank force and cadence either during the first 6–7 revolutions (≤6 s) on the track (model I) or were derived from the first 3–4 revolutions (≤3 s) on the track combined with 1 or 2 fatigue-free cycles at cadences above 160 rpm from the motoric test (model II).Results: Although both models exhibit high-to-excellent linearity between force and velocity, the extrapolated isometric force was higher (1507.51 ± 257.60 N and 1384.35 ± 276.84 N; p < 0.002; d = 2.555) and the slope steeper (−6.78 ± 1.17 and −5.24 ± 1.11; p < 0.003, d = −2.401) with model I. An ICC of 1.00 indicates excellent model consistency when comparing the F/v profiles (model II) derived from the different geared sprints.Conclusions: Assuring fatigue-free measurements and including high-cadence data points in the calculations provide valid maximal F/v and P/v profiles from a single acceleration-sprint independent of gear ratio.
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7.
  • Eftestøl, Einar, et al. (författare)
  • Muscle memory : Are myonuclei ever lost?
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Journal of applied physiology. - : American Physiological Society. - 8750-7587 .- 1522-1601. ; 128, s. 456-457
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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8.
  • Ekenros, Linda, et al. (författare)
  • Perceived impact of the menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptives on physical exercise and performance in 1,086 athletes from 57 sports
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Physiology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-042X. ; 13
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Female athletes train and compete under the potential influence of hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle or during use of various hormonal contraceptives. Dysmenorrhea and premenstrual symptoms are common in the general population, as well as side effects of hormonal contraceptives. More detailed knowledge concerning prevalence and perceived impact of these symptoms on training and performance in different sports is required. The aim of the study was to 1) characterize perceptions of training and performance during the menstrual cycle phases and by hormonal contraceptive use in a large population of female athletes; 2) explore whether symptoms experienced are related to perceived performance; and 3) examine potential differences in these factors between athletes at different levels of performance. The study was based on self-reported data from 1,086 athletes from 57 sports at different performance levels via a web-based questionnaire. Thirty-seven percent (n = 407) of the athletes did not use hormonal contraceptives. In this group, menstrual cycle related symptoms were common across all athlete levels, particularly dysmenorrhea (74%, n = 300) and premenstrual symptoms (78%, n = 318), which also influenced perceived performance of aerobic fitness, muscle strength, mental sharpness, balance, and sleep quality. Sixty-three percent (n = 679) of the athletes used various hormonal contraceptives and 40% (n = 272) perceived a variety of side-effects. Physical performance was experienced equally independent of time-point of the pill-chart except for the period of inactive pills, which was associated with more negative impact. Nonetheless, only 18% (n = 191) of the athletes considered menstrual cycle or hormonal contraceptive issues when planning their training or competitions. These results indicate that greater focus is needed to identify and effectively treat different menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptive related symptoms on an individual level.
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9.
  • Faiss, R, et al. (författare)
  • Elevated Temperature Accelerates Recovery of Mouse and Human Skeletal Muscle Following Fatigue
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Abstract Book for the 20th Annual <em>ECSS</em> Congress.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • IntroductionThis study was designed to determine whether elevated muscle temperature allows muscles to recover their force or power more rapidly following fatigueMethodsIntact single fibers from mouse flexor digitorum brevis muscle were fatigued at 31˚C (70-Hz 350-ms tetani once every 10s until initial force decreased to 30%).  During a subsequent 2-hr recovery period, the fibers were perfused in Tyrode solution at either 31°C (physiological temperature) or 36°C and isometric force and cytoplasmic free [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) were measured during 30-Hz tetani evoked periodically.  In addition, seven human subjects performed fatiguing arm exercise consisting of 3 x 5min maximal effort arm cycling at 100 rpm followed by 4 x 15 min at an intensity of 50% of VO2peak. Then followed 2hr of recovery during which both arms were either heated or not heated at 5˚C above physiological temperatures using arm cuffs continuously perfused with temperature-regulated water; the order of heating vs. not heating was randomized between two visits. Intramuscular temperature was recorded with probes inserted 1.5 cm into the lateral head of the triceps brachii muscle. During the recovery period, subjects consumed 1.0 g/hr/kg body weight carbohydrates to support glycogen repletion. After recovery, the subjects repeated the 3 x 5 min time trials to evaluate the effect of the recovery intervention.ResultsRecovery from fatigue in mouse single fibers was dependent on muscle glycogen restoration since fibers perfused with glucose-free Tyrode did not recover contractile force (P<0.05). After 30 min of recovery, the tetanic [Ca2+]i was 107±10% and 92 ± 8% and the corresponding forces were 69±15% vs.49±14% of the initial values for the heated and non-heated muscles, respectively.  In seven human subjects, 2h of muscle heating also appeared to improve muscle recovery, leading to higher mean power output in the post-recovery arm cycling time trial than without muscle heating.DiscussionElevating muscle temperature by 5°C above physiological temperature accelerates recovery in mouse muscle in-vitro and in human skeletal muscle in-vivo and this appears to depend on faster muscle glycogen resynthesis following fatigue.
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10.
  • Holmberg, Hans-Christer, 1958-, et al. (författare)
  • Depletion and resynthesis of glycogen in arm and leg muscles after a classical 15-K cross-country ski race
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the 13th Annual Congress of the European College of Sports Science. - Cologne : Sportools. - 9789727351565 ; , s. 660-
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Introduction: Bicycle exercise or running has been most frequently used in studies of glycogen usage during exercise and the replenishment in the recovery afterwards. In cross-country skiing muscle glycogen is probably a dominant factor for maintaining speed and can be crucial in the finish. In this sport the arms may be more critical than the legs both for speed and finish, especially in the classical technique. Thus, in the present study we examined muscle glycogen content in arm and leg muscle in connection with a race and the first 24 hrs after the race with two specific aims. 1) Evaluate whether arm muscles use more glycogen than the leg muscles and whether there is a muscle fibre type specific glycogen depletion pattern for the type 2 fibres, 2) Evaluate whether water intake instead for carbohydrates during the first 4 hrs after the race affect the resynthesis of glycogen acutely and next morning. Methods: Ten elite male competitive cross-country skiers (Age:22; Body height:182 cm; Body mass:80.8 kg; VO2max:72 ml kg-1 min-1) performed a 15K classical race in varying terrain. The subjects were placed into two groups; a H2O-group and a CHO-group. Directly after the race the H20-group was only allowed to drink water whereas the CHO-group used a normal post-race strategy to refill CHO with sport drink and gel and thereafter a meal. After 4 hrs both groups had the same carbohydrate enriched food intake. Muscle biopsies were obtained from an arm (triceps brachii) and a leg (v. lateralis) muscle before, directly after, as well as 4 and 20 hrs after the race. Muscles samples were analyzed for fibre types and glycogen as well as glycogen depletion pattern. Results: Muscle glycogen measured directly after the race was reduced by 32 % (484.7 to 331.3 mmol kg-1dw) in the legs and 69 % (from 540.2 to 167.1 mmol kg-1dw) in the arms. Type 1 muscle fibre type depletion was the dominant finding for both arms and legs, with some type 2A fibres being partly depleted in the arms. After 4 hrs with water no elevation in neither arm nor leg muscle glycogen content was observed but with CHO the legs did increase with 80 and the arms with 110 mmol kg-1dw and significantly more in the legs compared to the arms(P<0.05). Next morning regardless of being in H20- or the CHO group all subjects had returned to close to their pre-race muscle glycogen content in both arms and legs. Conclusion: The main findings were 1) in classical/diagonal skiing is the recruitment pattern of muscle fibre types the typical for prolonged exercise with primarily type 1 fibres being glycogen depleted but equally clear is that the arms are more used than the leg muscle as muscle glycogen stores were more markedly utilized in the arm as compared to the leg muscles.2) Restoration of the muscle glycogen stores are dependant of a carbohydrate intake but of note is that in only 20 hrs of recovery was the pre exercise glycogen level reached regardless of no carbohydrate intake for 4 hrs immediately after the race.
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