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| 2. |
- Munthe, Christian, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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The Return of Lombroso? Ethical Aspects of (Visions of) Preventive Forensic Screening
- 2015
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Ingår i: Public Health Ethics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1754-9973 .- 1754-9981. ; 8:3, s. 270-283
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The vision of legendary criminologist Cesare Lombroso to use scientific theories of individual causes of crime as a basis for screening and prevention programmes targeting individuals at risk for future criminal behaviour has resurfaced, following advances in genetics, neuroscience and psychiatric epidemiology. This article analyses this idea and maps its ethical implications from a public health ethical standpoint. Twenty-seven variants of the new Lombrosian vision of forensic screening and prevention are distinguished, and some scientific and technical limitations are noted. Some lures, biases and structural factors, making the application of the Lombrosian idea likely in spite of weak evidence are pointed out and noted as a specific type of ethical aspect. Many classic and complex ethical challenges for health screening programmes are shown to apply to the identified variants and the choice between them, albeit with peculiar and often provoking variations. These variations are shown to actualize an underlying theoretical conundrum in need of further study, pertaining to the relationship between public health ethics and the ethics and values of criminal law policy.
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| 3. |
- Lang, Victoria Ashley, et al.
(författare)
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Hand Temperature Is Not Consistent With Illusory Strength During the Rubber Hand Illusion.
- 2021
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Ingår i: Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference. - 2694-0604. ; 2021, s. 1416-1418
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rubber hand illusion is known to invoke a sense of ownership of a rubber hand when a person watches the stroking of the rubber hand in synchrony with their own hidden hand. Quantification of the sense of ownership is traditionally performed with the rubber hand illusion questionnaire, but the search for reliable physiological measurements persists. Skin temperature has been previously suggested and debated as a biomarker for ownership. We investigated hand temperature as a measure of rubber hand illusory strength via thermal imaging of the hand during the rubber hand experiment. No relationship was found between reported illusory strength and skin temperature.Clinical Relevance- Our results indicate that skin temperature is not a suitable biomarker for rubber hand illusory strength.
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| 4. |
- Ortiz Catalan, Max Jair, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Chronic Use of a Sensitized Bionic Hand Does Not Remap the Sense of Touch
- 2020
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Ingår i: Cell Reports. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-1247. ; 33:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrical stimulation of tactile nerve fibers can be used to restore touch through a bionic hand. Ortiz-Catalan et al. show that a mismatch between the location of the sensor on the bionic hand and the tactile experience is not resolved after long-term prosthesis use.
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| 5. |
- Jain, Saumey, et al.
(författare)
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On-Chip Neural Induction Boosts Neural Stem Cell Commitment : Toward a Pipeline for iPSC-Based Therapies
- 2024
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Ingår i: Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany). - : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 2198-3844.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The clinical translation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) holds great potential for personalized therapeutics. However, one of the main obstacles is that the current workflow to generate iPSCs is expensive, time-consuming, and requires standardization. A simplified and cost-effective microfluidic approach is presented for reprogramming fibroblasts into iPSCs and their subsequent differentiation into neural stem cells (NSCs). This method exploits microphysiological technology, providing a 100-fold reduction in reagents for reprogramming and a ninefold reduction in number of input cells. The iPSCs generated from microfluidic reprogramming of fibroblasts show upregulation of pluripotency markers and downregulation of fibroblast markers, on par with those reprogrammed in standard well-conditions. The NSCs differentiated in microfluidic chips show upregulation of neuroectodermal markers (ZIC1, PAX6, SOX1), highlighting their propensity for nervous system development. Cells obtained on conventional well plates and microfluidic chips are compared for reprogramming and neural induction by bulk RNA sequencing. Pathway enrichment analysis of NSCs from chip showed neural stem cell development enrichment and boosted commitment to neural stem cell lineage in initial phases of neural induction, attributed to a confined environment in a microfluidic chip. This method provides a cost-effective pipeline to reprogram and differentiate iPSCs for therapeutics compliant with current good manufacturing practices.
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| 6. |
- Lindberg, Frida, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of intramuscular activation patterns using ultrasound M-mode strain
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1050-6411 .- 1873-5711. ; 23:4, s. 879-885
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The intramuscular activation pattern can be connected to the motor unit recruitment strategy of force generation and fatigue resistance. Electromyography has earlier been used in several studies to quantify the spatial inhomogeneity of the muscle activation. We applied ultrasound M-mode strain to study the activation pattern through the tissue deformation. Correlation values of the strain at different force levels were used to quantify the spatial changes in the activation. The assessment was done including the biceps brachii muscle of 8 healthy subjects performing isometric elbow flexion contractions ranging from 0% to 80% of maximum voluntary contraction. The obtained results were repeatable and demonstrated consistent changes of the correlation values during force regulation, in agreement with previously presented EMG-results. Both intra-subject and inter-subject activation patterns of strain were considered along and transverse the fiber direction. The results suggest that ultrasound M-mode strain can be used as a complementary method to study intramuscular activation patterns with high spatial resolution.(C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Rohlén, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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A fast blind source separation algorithm for decomposing ultrafast ultrasound images into spatiotemporal muscle unit kinematics
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Neural Engineering. - 1741-2560 .- 1741-2552.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Ultrasound can detect individual motor unit (MU) activity during voluntary isometric contractions based on their subtle axial displacements. The detection pipeline, currently performed offline, is based on displacement velocity images and identifying the subtle axial displacements. This identification can preferably be made through a blind source separation (BSS) algorithm with the feasibility of translating the pipeline from offline to online. However, the question remains how to reduce the computational time for the BSS algorithm, which includes demixing tissue velocities from many different sources, e.g., the active MU displacements, arterial pulsations, bones, connective tissue, and noise.Approach: This study proposes a fast velocity-based BSS (velBSS) algorithm suitable for online purposes that decomposes velocity images from low-force voluntary isometric contractions into spatiotemporal components associated with single MU activities. The proposed algorithm will be compared against spatiotemporal independent component analysis (stICA), i.e., the method used in previous papers, for various subjects, ultrasound- and EMG systems, where the latter acts as MU reference recordings.Main results: We found that the computational time for velBSS was at least 20 times less than for stICA, while the twitch responses and spatial maps extracted from stICA and velBSS for the same MU reference were highly correlated (0.96 ± 0.05 and 0.81 ± 0.13).Significance: The present algorithm (velBSS) is computationally much faster than the currently available method (stICA) while maintaining the same performance. It provides a promising translation towards an online pipeline and will be important in the continued development of this research field of functional neuromuscular imaging.
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| 8. |
- Ackerley, Rochelle, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Case Studies in Neuroscience: Sensations elicited and discrimination ability from nerve cuff stimulation in an amputee over time
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Neurophysiology. - : American Physiological Society. - 0022-3077 .- 1522-1598. ; 120:1, s. 291-295
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present case study details sensations elicited by electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve axons using an implanted nerve cuff electrode, in a participant with a transhumeral amputation. The participant uses an osseointegrated electromechanical interface, which enables skeletal attachment of the prosthesis and long-term, stable, bidirectional communication between the implanted electrodes and prosthetic arm. We focused on evoking somatosensory percepts, where we tracked and quantified the evolution of perceived sensations in the missing hand. which were evoked from electrical stimulation of the nerve, for over 2 yr. These sensations included small, pointlike areas of either vibration or pushing, to larger sensations over wider areas, indicating the recruitment of a few and many afferents, respectively. Furthermore, we used a two-alternative forced choice paradigm to measure the level of discrimination between trains of brief electrical stimuli, to gauge what the participant could reliably distinguish between. At best, the participant was able to distinguish a 05-Hz difference and on average acquired a 3.8-Hz just-noticeable difference at a more stringent psychophysical level. The current work shows the feasibility for long-term sensory feedback in prostheses, via electrical axonal stimulation, where small and relatively stable percepts were felt that may be used to deliver graded sensory feedback. This opens up opportunities for signaling feedback during movements (e.g., for precision grip), but also for conveying more complex cutaneous sensations. such as texture. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate the long-term stability and generation of sensations from electrical peripheral nerve stimulation in an amputee. through an osseointegrated implant. We find that perceived tactilelike sensations could be generated for over 2 yr. in the missing hand. This is useful for prosthetic development and the implementation of feedback in artificial body parts.
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| 9. |
- Glover, P. M., et al.
(författare)
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An intra-neural microstimulation system for ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Neuroscience Methods. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-0270. ; 290, s. 69-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Intra-neural microstimulation (INMS) is a technique that allows the precise delivery of low-current electrical pulses into human peripheral nerves. Single unit INMS can be used to stimulate individual afferent nerve fibres during microneurography. Combining this with neuroimaging allows the unique monitoring of central nervous system activation in response to unitary, controlled tactile input, with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) providing exquisite spatial localisation of brain activity and magnetoencephalography (MEG) high temporal resolution. New method: INMS systems suitable for use within electrophysiology laboratories have been available for many years. We describe an INMS system specifically designed to provide compatibility with both ultra-high field (7 T) fMRI and MEG. Numerous technical and safety issues are addressed. The system is fully analogue, allowing for arbitrary frequency and amplitude INMS stimulation. Results: Unitary recordings obtained within both the MRI and MEG screened -room environments are comparable with those obtained in 'clean' electrophysiology recording environments. Single unit INMS (current <7 mu A, 200 mu s pulses) of individual mechanoreceptive afferents produces appropriate and robust responses during fMRI and MEG. Comparison with existing method(s): This custom-built MRI- and MEG-compatible stimulator overcomes issues with existing INMS approaches; it allows well-controlled switching between recording and stimulus mode, prevents electrical shocks because of long cable lengths, permits unlimited patterns of stimulation, and provides a system with improved work-flow and participant comfort. Conclusions: We demonstrate that the requirements for an INMS-integrated system, which can be used with both fMRI and MEG imaging systems, have been fully met. (C) 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.
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| 10. |
- Grip, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Classification of Neck Movement Patterns Related to Whiplash-Associated Disorders Using Neural Networks
- 2003
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Ingår i: IEEE transactions on information technology in biomedicine. - : IEEE. - 1089-7771 .- 1558-0032. ; 7:4, s. 412-418
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a new method for classification of neck movement patterns related to Whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) using a resilient backpropagation neural network (BPNN). WAD are a common diagnosis after neck trauma, typically caused by rear-end car accidents. Since physical injuries seldom are found with present imaging techniques, the diagnosis can be difficult to make. The active range of the neck is often visually inspected in patients with neck pain, but this is a subjective measure, and a more objective decision support system, that gives a reliable and more detailed analysis of neck movement pattern, is needed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive ability of a BPNN, using neck movement variables as input. Three-dimensional (3-D) neck movement data from 59 subjects with WAD and 56 control subjects were collected with a ProReflex system. Rotation angle and angle velocity were calculated using the instantaneous helical axis method and motion variables were extracted. A principal component analysis was performed in order to reduce data and improve the BPNN performance. BPNNs with six hidden nodes had a predictivity of 0.89, a sensitivity of 0.90 and a specificity of 0.88, which are very promising results. This shows that neck movement analysis combined with a neural network could build the basis of a decision support system for classifying suspected WAD, even though further evaluation of the method is needed.
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