| 1. |
- McGreevy, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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Problems at the human-horse interface and prospects for smart textile solutions
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1558-7878 .- 1878-7517. ; 9:1, s. 34-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The significant potential for so-called “smart textiles” in the design of the next generation of devices that measure pressure, tension, moisture, and heat at the humanehorse interface is discussed in this article. Research techniques from theoretical and experimental physics laboratories, combined with wireless technology, can be readily adapted to measure and store metrics for numerous variables in equine structure and function. Activities, such as breathing, the extension and flexion of joints, limb kinematics, and cardiac function, can be logged as indicators of physiological and behavioral conditioning (training). Such metrics may also, one day, support veterinary diagnostics but also play a role in safeguarding sporthorse welfare, especially in elite contexts where the horse may be pushed to its functional limits. As such, they are likely to emerge as an area of great interest to equitation and welfare scientists. It is important to note that smart textiles sense and react to exogenous stimuli via integrated sensors. So, beyond the equitation science laboratory, the emergence of polymers and smart materials may enhance the effectiveness of, or challenge us to completely rethink, traditional items of saddlery, thus improving equitation. The integration of smart textiles in all sorts of extant and emergent equipment for everyday equestrians could, in the future, lead to equipment that responds appropriately to the demands of equitation in its various forms. Rethinking equitation through physics and the use of smart textiles seems to have merit in that it is a novel means of both investigating and addressing problems that compromise the welfare and performance of horses. The purpose of this article is to envision the use of smart textiles in research, clinical, equestrian, and horse care contexts.
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| 2. |
- Hagsten, Carin, et al.
(författare)
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Composition and structure of high temperature dairy fouling
- 2016
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Ingår i: Food Structure. - : Elsevier BV. - 2213-3291. ; 7, s. 13-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fouling structure and composition is dependent on the product, but also on the heating process applied to it. The structure will have profound effect on the cleaning process and the down time in the production plant. Here, the structure of high temperature (137 °C) milk fouling has been investigated, which so far has not been sufficiently studied in a systematic way. This particular fouling has a high content of the mineral calcium phosphate and a relatively low concentration of protein. Wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) reveals a crystalline structure of calcium phosphate in agreement to the chemical analysis of the bulk layer. Microscopic investigations visualize the heterogeneous structure and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) shows a spatial variation of the elements through the radius of the sample.
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| 3. |
- Schuster, Erich, et al.
(författare)
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Interplay between flow and diffusion in capillary alginate hydrogels
- 2016
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Ingår i: Soft Matter. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 1744-683X .- 1744-6848. ; 12:17, s. 3897-3907
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alginate gels with naturally occurring macroscopic capillaries have been used as a model system to study the interplay between laminar flow and diffusion of nanometer-sized solutes in real time. Calcium alginate gels that contain homogeneously distributed parallel-aligned capillary structures were formed by external addition of crosslinking ions to an alginate sol. The effects of different flow rates (0, 1, 10, 50 and 100 μl min-1) and three different probes (fluorescein, 10 kDa and 500 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran) on the diffusion rates of the solutes across the capillary wall and in the bulk gel in between the capillaries were investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The flow in the capillaries was produced using a syringe pump that was connected to the capillaries via a tube. Transmission electron microscopy revealed an open aggregated structure close to the capillary wall, followed by an aligned network layer and the isotropic network of the bulk gel. The most pronounced effect was observed for the 1 nm-diameter fluorescein probe, for which an increase in flow rate increased the mobility of the probe in the gel. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching confirmed increased mobility close to the channel, with increasing flow rate. Mobility maps derived using raster image correlation spectroscopy showed that the layer with the lowest mobility corresponded to the anisotropic layer of ordered network chains. The combination of microscopy techniques used in the present study elucidates the flow and diffusion behaviors visually, qualitatively and quantitatively, and represents a promising tool for future studies of mass transport in non-equilibrium systems.
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| 4. |
- Finell, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Laboratory-scale production of biofuel pellets from electron beam treated Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) sawdust
- 2009
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Ingår i: Radiation Physics and Chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-806X. ; 78, s. 281-287
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of electron beam (EB) treatment on pine sawdust used as raw material for fuel pellets was studied. Dry sawdust was EB treated at different dosage levels up to 100 kGy. The effect of EB treatment on fatty and resin acid composition was studied for different dosage levels and compared to untreated sawdust. Pellets were pressed in a laboratory single pellet press unit according to a D-optimal, response surface modeling (RSM) experimental design, where sawdust moisture content and die temperature were varied independently for EB treatment dosages of 0, 18.2 and 48.9 kGy. The responses of the designed experiment were density and strength for the produced pellets. The results showed that the free fatty and resin acid content in the sawdust initially decreased with increasing EB doses but at the highest EB doses it increased. The total content of extractives however initially increased and then decreased with increasing EB dose. Pellets made of EB treated sawdust had a significantly (at 95% confidence level) higher density and compressive strength than pellets made from untreated sawdust. EB treated sawdust behaved similarly to stored (mature) sawdust as a pellet raw material. Thus, EB treatment opens the possibility for controlled ageing (maturation) of pellet raw materials.
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| 5. |
- Nguyen, Alisée, et al.
(författare)
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Broadband terahertz radiation from two-color mid- and far-infrared laser filaments in air
- 2018
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Ingår i: Physical Review A. - 2469-9934 .- 2469-9926. ; 97:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study terahertz (THz) emission by two-color femtosecond filaments in air using pump wavelengths λ0 from 0.8 to 10.6 μm. Comprehensive three-dimensional numerical simulations show that tens-of-centimeter long filaments created by a 10.6-μm pump pulse can produce mJ energy yields and GV/m field strengths, while the laser-to-THz conversion efficiency exceeds the percent level. Changing temperature and humidity conditions reveals a surprisingly high stability of the THz spectra against different weather conditions. We also examine the role of many-body Coulomb effects on ionization. This additional plasma source promotes longer filaments that act as efficient THz emitters, despite enhanced plasma defocusing.
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| 6. |
- Beech, Jason P., et al.
(författare)
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The separation and identification of parasite eggs from horse feces
- 2019
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Ingår i: 23rd International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences, MicroTAS 2019. - 9781733419000 ; , s. 602-603
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Freely grazing horses are at risk of infection by parasites such as Parascaris equorum (roundworm), Strongylus spp. (large bloodworms), Cyathostomes (small bloodworms), and Anoplochephala perfoliata (tapeworms). Mixed infections are common and diagnosis is based on demonstrations of eggs in feces followed by identification of larvae after fecal culture. Drug resistance is a growing problem, not least because treatments tend to be cheaper than diagnosis and “just in case” treatments common. There is a need for improved methods that are easy to use, rapid and cheap. Furthermore, a successful approach may find use with other livestock such as ruminants and pigs.
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| 7. |
- Einarsdóttir, Hildur, et al.
(författare)
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Novelty detection of foreign objects in food using multi-modal X-ray imaging
- 2016
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Ingår i: Food Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-7135. ; 67, s. 39-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we demonstrate a method for novelty detection of foreign objects in food products using grating-based multimodal X-ray imaging. With this imaging technique three modalities are available with pixel correspondence, enhancing organic materials such as wood chips, insects and soft plastics not detectable by conventional X-ray absorption radiography. We conduct experiments, where several food products are imaged with common foreign objects typically found in the food processing industry. To evaluate the benefit from using this multi-contrast X-ray technique over conventional X-ray absorption imaging, a novelty detection scheme based on well known image- and statistical analysis techniques is proposed. The results show that the presented method gives superior recognition results and highlights the advantage of grating-based imaging.
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| 8. |
- Geladi, Paul
(författare)
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Data analysis of hyperspectral NIR image mosaics for the quantification of linseed oil impregnation in Scots pine wood
- 2014
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Ingår i: Wood Science and Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0043-7719 .- 1432-5225. ; 48, s. 467-481
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eight pieces of sapwood and heartwood from Scots pine, before and after linseed oil impregnation, were used to make 16 near-infrared hyperspectral images (90-200 pixels wide x 466-985 pixels long x 239 wavelengths: 982-2,480 nm). The wood pieces were selected according to a 2 x 2 experimental design using radial-tangential cut and heartwood-sapwood as factors with two replicates. A first mosaic of 16 images was cleaned and analyzed by image principal component analysis. Interpretation was realized by studying score images and score plots by brushing interaction. In the resulting T1-T2 score plot, the untreated pieces formed a dense cluster, while the impregnated ones showed larger variation. The good separation of treated and impregnated clusters was confirmed by PLSDA showing low false negatives and positives. Analysis of the eight impregnated wood pieces clearly showed regions of wrong impregnation in one wood piece. Loadings resembling linseed oil spectra indicated that this was due to badly polymerized linseed oil. After removing the outlier piece, a new model was made on the seven-piece mosaic showing in the T1-T2 score plot that heartwood and sapwood absorbed the linseed oil differently. This difference was not detected in the untreated wood, so it had to come from the impregnation process. Edges reacted differently from surfaces to the impregnation process as seen in the T1-T4 score plot. These findings show that a future online quality inspection of both raw wood and impregnated pieces would be feasible.
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| 9. |
- Malafronte, Loredana, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Combined convective and microwave assisted drying: Experiments and modelling
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Food Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 0260-8774 .- 1873-5770. ; 112:4, s. 304-312
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The drying process is largely used in many different industrial applications, such as treatment of foods,production of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, manufacturing of paper, wood and building materials,polymers and so on.Physical and mathematical models can constitute useful tools to establish the influence of the main process variables on the final product quality, in order to apply an effective production control. In this work, simulation model was developed to describe combined convective/microwave assisted drying. In particular, a multi-physics approach was applied to take into account heat and two mass balances (for liquid water and for water vapor) and Maxwell’s equations to describe electromagnetic field propagation.Potato matrix was selected as food material; a waveguide with a rectangular cross section, equipped with a hot air circulator device, was used as microwave applicator. The proposed model was found able to describe the process, being thus a useful tool for design and management of the process itself.
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| 10. |
- Manner, Jussi
(författare)
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Automatic and experimental methods to studying forwarding work
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Although forwarding has been carried out for 50 years, much is still unknown about this work. This is partly because there are numerous influential factors, and relevant data are often difficult to gather. In current forwarding productivity literature, there is generally a trade-off between representativeness and work element-specificity. Follow-up studies and standardized experiments represent the two extremes, while work observation studies are compromises. A further complication is the lack of consistent nomenclature to facilitate comparisons of findings from different studies. These issues were explored in four studies reported in this thesis. Study I assessed the utility of standardized test paths for enhancing our understanding of the main factors influencing forwarding work, causal relationships among them, and trade-offs. Such knowledge is essential for refining future research. In Studies II and III, the utility of a forest machine manufacturer’s built-in automatic follow-up datalogger was assessed. Study II focused mainly on the suitability of a standard commercial monitoring system for comparative operator-level studies. In Study III, forwarder work element-specific follow-up data were gathered in as detailedly as currently possible using an automatic system. In Study IV, the utility of sensors and dataloggers for gathering technical information on forwarder crane work was assessed. The main conclusions are summarized below. Automated data collection has well known advantages, but such automation for forwarding work is still ongoing. Data from the forwarder’s own monitoring system alone are not, currently, sufficient for unbiased work performance analysis. In addition, access to spatial data on the harvester’s production is needed. Use of untapped technological potential would enable, in many cases, replacement of manual data gathering with automatic methods. However, automatic gathering of data with some important features, e.g. assortment-specificity (load-specific assortment proportions), is currently impossible. Automation enables large datasets to be gathered, but increasing the sample size beyond a certain saturation point provides no further benefits. Instead, including more factors is preferable, even at the cost of slightly smaller datasets. Finally, various innovations and modifications to work practices could substantially improve forwarding efficiency; however, they should be evaluated cautiously, initially by theoretical analysis, to ensure resources are efficiently channelled.
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