| 1. |
- Suteerasak, Thongchai, et al.
(författare)
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Deposition rates and C-14 apparent ages of Holocene sediments in the Bothnian Bay of the Gulf of Bothnia using paleomagnetic dating as a reference
- 2017
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Ingår i: Marine Geology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0025-3227 .- 1872-6151. ; 383, s. 1-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Three 6-m-long cores of sediments were collected in the northern, middle and southern part of the Bothnian Bay. The sediments were dated by paleomagnetic dating techniques, constrained by magnetic properties and geochemical data. The results indicate the ages of the sediments in the bottom part of the cores in the northern, middle and southern parts of the Bothnian Bay to be approximately 5300 years BP, 5350 years BP and 3500 years BP, respectively. The deposition rate calculated from the estimated ages at various depths show that the deposition rate was generally in the range 0.5-1.5 mm/year but it was higher in the southern part than in the middle and northern parts of the bay. There was a significant increase in the deposition rate at ca 2200 years BP, recorded in all three cores, a rate varying between 2.47 and 3.07 mm/year and lasting until ca 1840 years BP. A proposed constant uplift rate of the crust during the period ca 5500 years BP to present is thus not reflected by a constant deposition rate. The peaks in deposition rates at ca 2200-1840 years BP were followed by a decrease in salinity. This phenomenon is suggested to be caused by crustal uplift, with a threshold being formed in the southern part of the bay, thereby increasing the reactivation of bottom sediments and reducing the inflow of brackish water from the Bothnian Sea. The C-14 ages of the sediments reveal differences in age compared with the paleomagnetic ages. In the southern core, the C-14 ages are ca 1350 years older, and in the north, the age offset is mixed. The reactivation and re-deposition of sediments is argued to be the reason for the apparent C-14 age differences. This finding demonstrates that C-14 cannot be used for the dating of Bothnian Bay sediments unless the radiocarbon age offset has been determined.
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| 2. |
- Conrad, Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Seasonal Variations of Redox State in Hemiboreal Soils Indicated by Changes of δ56Fe, Sulfate, and Nitrate in Headwater Streams
- 2019
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Ingår i: ACS Earth and Space Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2472-3452. ; 3:12, s. 2816-2823
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During recent decades, much focus has been put on the iron (Fe) isotope ratios in soils, rivers, and oceans, while studies on the variation in headwater streams are scarce. Here we assess seasonal water chemical data from 104 hemiboreal headwater streams. Between summer and late autumn, decreasing Fe concentrations and simultaneously increasing sulfate and nitrate concentrations suggest a shift from reduced to oxidized conditions in the soils along the main groundwater flow paths. Fe isotope data, obtained from a subpopulation of 16 streams, show low δ56Fe ratios during summer drought, indicating an important influx of reduced groundwater to the streams with primarily Fe(II) as an important Fe source. In total, the δ56Fe data ranged between −0.8 ± 0.1 and 1.8 ± 0.1‰ with the lowest values in summer and maximum δ56Fe ratios in late autumn or spring, indicating an influx of more oxidized, less Fe(II) rich groundwater during those seasons. Local differences in δ56Fe ratios between the headwater streams, seemed to be driven by the different soil redox status of the catchments. The streams with the lowest δ56Fe ratios during summer are characterized by a small share (4.4 ± 6.6%) of wetlands, indicating discharge of reduced groundwater from mainly anoxic, moist, organic-rich mineral soils during drought. Relatively high total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations (2.4 ± 1.1 mM) and low pH (5.2 ± 0.8) may have restricted efficient Fe(II) oxidation in streamwater especially during the late autumn survey. Our results from hemiboreal headwater streams reveal the importance of climatic, pedogenic, and land cover-derived controls on the provenance of stream Fe loads that is likely broadly applicable to similar streams elsewhere.
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| 3. |
- Bauer, Susanne, et al.
(författare)
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Distribution of dissolved and suspended particulate molybdenum, vanadium, and tungsten in the Baltic Sea
- 2017
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Ingår i: Marine Chemistry. - : Elsevier. - 0304-4203 .- 1872-7581. ; 196, s. 135-147
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In natural waters, dissolved oxyanions often dominate over the particle-bound element fraction. Still, the scavenging of oxyanions by suspended particles might contribute significantly to their dynamic cycling and distribution. To investigate how oxyanions are affected by manganese (Mn) redox cycling, detailed depth profiles across the pelagic redox zone at the Landsort Deep, Baltic Sea, were collected for molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V), and tungsten (W), for both dissolved (<0.22 µm) and suspended particulate (>0.22 µm) fractions.All three oxyanions show a non-conservative behavior in the stratified Landsort Deep. Strong linear correlations with Mn in the particulate fraction in the redox zone of the Landsort Deep suggest that Mn redox cycling influences their distribution. In the dissolved fraction, Mo, V, and W exhibited rather different behavior. Molybdenum was depleted below the redox zone, while V was depleted only within the redox zone. Tungsten concentrations increased within the redox zone, being three times higher in the sulfidic zone than in the surface water. Unlike Mo, W shows no tendency for adsorption or co-precipitation under the prevailing weak sulfidic conditions in the deep water of the Landsort Deep and is, therefore, not exported to the underlying sediment.The Landsort Deep data were compared with data from the northern Baltic Sea (Bothnian Bay, Kalix River and Råne River estuaries), where particulate iron (Fe) occurs in high abundance. The particulate fractions of Mo, V, and W decreased during mixing in these estuaries. Vanadium showed the most drastic reduction, with a decrease in dissolved and particulate fractions, indicating that different processes influence the distribution of these oxyanions.
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| 4. |
- Conrad, Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Distribution of Fe isotopes in particles and colloids in the salinity gradient along the Lena River plume, Laptev Sea
- 2019
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Ingår i: Biogeosciences. - : European Geosciences Union (EGU). - 1726-4170 .- 1726-4189. ; 16:6, s. 1305-1319
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Riverine Fe input is the primary Fe source for the ocean. This study is focused on the distribution of Fe along the Lena River freshwater plume in the Laptev Sea using samples from a 600 km long transect in front of the Lena River mouth. Separation of the particulate ( > 0.22 μm), colloidal (0.22 μm–1 kDa), and truly dissolved (< 1 kDa) fractions of Fe was carried out. The total Fe concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 57μM with Fe dominantly as particulate Fe. The loss of > 99% of particulate Fe and about 90% of the colloidal Fe was observed across the shelf, while the truly dissolved phase was almost constant across the Laptev Sea. Thus, the truly dissolved Fe could be an important source of bioavailable Fe for plankton in the central Arctic Ocean, together with the colloidal Fe. Fe-isotope analysis showed that the particulate phase and the sediment below the Lena River freshwater plume had negative δ56Fe values (relative to IRMM-14). The colloidal Fe phase showed negative δ56Fe values close to the river mouth (about -0.20 ‰) and positive δ56Fe values in the outermost stations (about +0.10 ‰). We suggest that the shelf zone acts as a sink for Fe particles and colloids with negative δ56Fe values, representing chemically reactive ferrihydrites. The positive δ56Fe values of the colloidal phase within the outer Lena River freshwater plume might represent Fe oxyhydroxides, which remain in the water column, and will be the predominant δ56Fe composition in the Arctic Ocean.
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| 5. |
- Dahlqvist, Ralf, et al.
(författare)
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Temporal variations of colloidal carrier phases and associated trace elements in a boreal river
- 2007
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Ingår i: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-7037 .- 1872-9533. ; 71:22, s. 5339-5354
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Elemental size distributions, from truly dissolved through colloidal to particulate, have been studied in a subarctic boreal river. The measurements, carried out during 2002, ranged from winter to summer conditions, including an intense spring flood event. Results are reported for a total of 42 elements. Size distributions were characterised using a combination of cross-flow (ultra)filtration (CFF), flow field-flow fractionation (FIFFF), and diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT). The three techniques showed similar trends, but quantitative comparisons reveal some important differences that warrant further investigation. Previous work has identified two colloidal carrier phases in fresh waters, dominated by iron and carbon, respectively. The majority of the elements studied are associated with one or both of these colloidal carrier phases. The exceptions are the alkali metals and several anions that are only very weakly associated with colloidal material, and which therefore occur mainly as truly dissolved material (< 1 kDa in molecular weight). We discuss the likely origin for the two colloidal carrier phases and consider how associated trace elements fit into the geochemical framework. The relative affinities of the elements for iron and carbon colloidal carrier phases are related to their chemistries, and are compared with earlier data from the Delsjo Creek in southern Sweden. Elemental colloidal concentrations show strong seasonal variations related to changes in the colloidal carrier phase(s) with which they associate. In particular, many elements show a strong spring maximum in colloidal concentrations associated with the strong maximum in colloidal carbon concentration during the spring flood.
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| 6. |
- Salvadó, Joan A., et al.
(författare)
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Organic carbon remobilized from thawing permafrost is resequestered by reactive iron on the Eurasian Arctic Shelf
- 2015
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - 0094-8276 .- 1944-8007. ; 42:19, s. 8122-8130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Given the potential for permafrost carbon (PF/C)-climate feedbacks in the Siberian-Arctic land-ocean system, there is a need for understanding the fate of thawed-out PF/C. Here we show that the sequestration of OC by reactive iron (OC-Fe) ranges between 0.5 and 22% on the Eurasian Arctic Shelf, with higher values in the Kara Sea (KS) (186%) and the Laptev Sea (LS) (144%). The C-14/C-13 signatures of the OC-Fe are substantially older and more terrestrial than the bulk sediment OC in the LS but younger and more dominated by marine plankton sources in the East Siberian Sea (ESS). Statistical source apportionment modeling reveal that reactive iron phases resequestered 155% of thawing PF/C in the LS and 6.45% in the ESS, derived from both coastal erosion of ice complex deposit and thawing topsoil. This Fe-associated trap of PF/C constitutes a reduction of the degradation/outgassing and thus also an attenuation of the PF/C-climate feedback.
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| 7. |
- Ingri, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in trace metal sedimentation during freshening of a coastal basin
- 2014
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Ingår i: Marine Chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-4203 .- 1872-7581. ; 167, s. 2-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Holocene freshening has turned the Bothnian Bay, northern Baltic Sea into an oligotrophic basin. Sequestering of trace elements has changed significantly during the oligotrophication process. In principle, trace metals have been transferred from permanently buried sulfides to Fe–Mn-oxyhydroxides in the top layers of the sediment. The oxyhydroxide layers restrict the flux of trace metals from the sediment to the oxic bottom water. Hence, Fe–Mn cycling in the suboxic sediment enriches a number of trace metals in the surface sediment. Arsenic, Sn, Ge and Bi show enrichment in the Fe-oxyhydroxide layer, whereas Mo, Cd, Ni, Co, Cu, and Sb are enriched in the uppermost Mn-oxyhydroxide layer. This natural redox cycling in the sediment obscures pollution effects.The oligotrophication process started approximately 3500 years ago, reflected in decreasing deposition of Zn, a proxy for phytoplankton production, and formation of Mn oxyhydroxide layers. Similarly, Ba/Al data indicate a decrease in the pelagic input of plankton. Barium data also suggest that dissolved sulfide in the sediment never reached high concentrations. Germanium is closely related to Ba, suggesting that Ge can be used as a proxy for phytoplankton production. Vanadium, U, Re, and Mo all indicate that the bottom water never has been significantly sulfidic during the last 5500 years. Rhenium data indicate that the organic carbon oxidation rate has decreased during the last 5500 years. Cadmium follows the organic matter distribution, but started to increase 1000 YBP (years before present). The reason for this enhanced input of Cd is unclear.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Pallavicini, Nicola, et al.
(författare)
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Ranges of B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Sr, Tl, and Zn Concentrations and Isotope Ratios in Environmental Matrices from an Urban Area
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Spectroscopy. - : Hindawi Publishing Corporation. - 2314-4920 .- 2314-4939. ; , s. 1-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Isotopic information may provide powerful insight into the elemental cycling processes which occur in natural compartments. Further implementation of isotopic techniques in natural sciences requires a better understanding of the range of elemental and isotopic compositional variability in environmental matrices. This study assesses the local-scale concentration and isotopic composition variability of nine elements: boron (B), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), strontium (Sr), thallium (Tl), and zinc (Zn) in lysimetric waters, mushrooms, litter, needles, leaves, and lichens. Sequential extractions were also performed on soil samples from 6 depth profiles providing more detailed information on the variability of elemental concentrations and isotope ratios between the elemental pools present in soil. For most of the sample types studied the range of isotopic variability between samples spans almost the entire ranges reported in the literature for natural samples. These results represent a starting point for discussing the role of natural variability in isotopic studies (for example, as a limiting factor in the use of isotopic mixing models) and a baseline for future in-depth studies examining the controls on isotope fraction in natural systems
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| 10. |
- Salifu, Musah, et al.
(författare)
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Sr/Ca and 87Sr/86Sr : A tracer for geochemical processes in mine wastes
- 2018
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Ingår i: RISK TO OPPORTUNITY. - South Africa : ICARD/IWMA. ; , s. 723-728
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding geochemical processes in mining environments are essential to waste management decisions including remediation. In an attempt to understand geochemical processes, chemical data have mostly been used but these have oft en led to inaccurate conclusions. Th erefore, in this work 87Sr/86Sr, Sr/Ca and other elemental ratios (Ca/K and Rb/Sr) in leachates were employed to constrain the geochemical processes in an abandoned tungsten (W) tailings in Yxsjöberg, South-Central Sweden. Th e results of this study indicate that coupling chemical ratios with 87Sr/86Sr ratios off er better insights in discriminating between diff erent geochemical processes in mine wastes
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