| 1. |
- Ask, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Proposed Drilling into Postglacial Faults : The Pärvie Fault System
- 2021
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Ingår i: Glacially-Triggered Faulting. - Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. - 9781108779906 - 9781108490023 ; , s. 151-174
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Postglacial faults in northern Fennoscandia have been investigated through geophysical methods, trenching, and mapping of brittle deformation structures. Very little is known about postglacial faults through direct measurements. A few short, up to 500 m deep, boreholes exist. Plans for a scientific drilling program were initiated in 2010. The drilling target has been identified: The Pärvie Fault system is the longest known postglacial fault in the world and has been proposed to have hosted an M8 earthquake near the end or just after the last glaciation. Further, this fault system is still microseismically active. The drill sites are north of the Arctic Circle, in a sparsely populated area. Existing site survey data, established logistics, and societal relevance through the fault’s proximity to mining and energy operations make this fault system an appropriate target. The International Continental Scientific Drilling Program approved a full drilling proposal in October 2019. This chapter presents an abbreviated version of the approved proposal.
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| 2. |
- Geirsson, Halldor, et al.
(författare)
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Volcano deformation at active plate boundaries : Deep magma accumulation at Hekla volcano and plate boundary deformation in south Iceland
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research. - 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202. ; 117:B11409
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most magmatic systems on Earth are located at actively deforming plate boundaries. In these systems, the magmatic and plate boundary deformation signals are intertwined and must be deconvolved to properly estimate magma flux and source characteristics of the magma plumbing system. We investigate the inter-rifting and inter-seismic deformation signals at the Eastern Volcanic Zone (EVZ) - South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ) ridge - transform intersection and estimate the location, depth, and volume rate for magmatic sources at Hekla and Torfajokull volcanoes, which are located at the intersection. We solve simultaneously for the source parameters of the tectonic and volcanic deformation signals using a new ten-year velocity field derived from a dense network of episodic and continuous GPS stations in south Iceland. We find the intersection of the axes of the EVZ and the SISZ is located within the Torfajokull caldera, which itself is subsiding. Deformation at Hekla is statistically best described in terms of a horizontal ellipsoidal magma chamber at 24(2)(+4) km depth aligned with the volcanic system and increasing in volume by 0.017(-0.002)(+0.007) km(3) per year. A spherical magma chamber centered at 24(-2)(+5) km depth with a volume rate of 0.019(-0.002)(+0.011) km(3) per year, or a vertical pipe-shaped magma chamber between 10(-1)(+3) km and 21(-4)(+7) km with a volume rate of 0.008(-0.001)(+0.003) km(3) per year are also plausible models explaining the deformation at Hekla. All three models indicate magma accumulation in the lower crust or near the Moho under Hekla.
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| 3. |
- Keiding, M, et al.
(författare)
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Earthquakes, stress, and strain along an obliquely divergent plate boundary : Reykjanes Peninsula, southwest Iceland
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research. - 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202 .- 2169-9313 .- 2169-9356. ; 114, s. B09306-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate the seismicity and the state of stress along the obliquely divergent Reykjanes Peninsula plate boundary and compare the directions of stress from inversion of earthquake focal mechanisms with the directions of strain rate from GPS data. The seismicity on the peninsula since early instrumental recordings in 1926 shows a systematic change from primarily earthquake swarms in the west to main shock-aftershock sequences in the east. The largest earthquakes on the Reykjanes Peninsula typically occur by right-lateral slip on N-S faults and reach magnitude 6 on the eastern part of the peninsula. During 1997-2006 most earthquakes on the Reykjanes Peninsula were located in two areas, Fagradalsfjall and Krisuvik on the central part of the peninsula, as recorded by the South Iceland Lowland (SIL) seismic network. The state of stress estimated by inversion of microearthquake focal mechanisms from the SIL catalogue is mainly oblique strike slip, with a tendency toward a normal stress state. Mapping the directions of the least compressive horizontal stress (S-hmin) shows an average Shmin direction of N(120 +/- 6)degrees E and a remarkable agreement with the directions of greatest extensional strain rate ((epsilon) over dot(Hmax)) derived from GPS velocities during 2000-2006. The agreement between the directions of stress at depth and strain rate observed at the surface indicate that the earthquakes are primarily driven by plate motion.
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| 4. |
- Lindman, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Earthquakes Descaled: On Waiting Time Distributions and Scaling Laws
- 2005
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 94:10, s. 108501-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recently, several authors have used waiting time distributions for large earthquake data sets to draw conclusions regarding the physics of earthquake processes. We show, theoretically and by simulation, that a characteristic kink in observed waiting time distributions does not have the physical significance of separating correlated and uncorrelated earthquakes. It also follows from our discussion that the Omori law is not trivially related to a proposed scaling law and that caution must be taken before the spatial scaling exponent of the law is interpreted as a fractal dimension of seismicity.
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| 5. |
- Lindman, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Physics of the Omori law: Inferences from interevent time distributions and pore pressure diffusion modeling
- 2006
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Ingår i: Tectonophysics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-1951 .- 1879-3266. ; 424:3-4, s. 209-222
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Empirical laws and statistics of earthquakes are valuable as a basis for a better understanding of the earthquake cycle. In this paper we focus on the postseismic phase and the physics of aftershock sequences. Using interevent time distributions for a catalogue of Icelandic seismicity, we infer that the parameter C2 in the Omori law, often considered to represent incomplete detection of aftershocks, is at least in part related to the physics of the earthquake process. We investigate the role of postseismic pore pressure diffusion after two Icelandic earthquakes on the rate of aftershocks and what we can infer about the physical meaning of C2 from the diffusion process. Using the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion we obtain a rate of triggered points in our diffusion model that agrees with the modified Omori law, with a value of C2 that is consistent with data. Our pore pressure diffusion model suggests that C2 is related to the process of reducing high pore pressure gradients existing across a fault zone at short times after a main shock.
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| 6. |
- Lindman, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Spatiotemporal characteristics of aftershock sequences in the south Iceland seismic zone : Interpretation in terms of pore pressure diffusion and poroelasticity
- 2010
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Ingår i: Geophysical Journal International. - 0956-540X .- 1365-246X. ; 183:3, s. 1104-1118
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In seismology numerous observations indicate a relationship between pore pressure in the Earth's crust and the occurrence of earthquakes. In this paper we study aftershock sequences in the South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ), where poroelastic rebound has been observed in the post-seismic period of two M 6.5 earthquakes in 2000 June. We analyse characteristic features in the spatiotemporal distribution of aftershocks following the two M 6.5 2000 June 17 and 21 earthquakes and a M 4.5 earthquake on 1999 September 27. These features include an initial pre-power-law decay period characterized by an initially finite aftershock rate, a subsequent power-law decay interrupted by distinct and temporary rate increases and decreases as well as increased clustering of aftershocks with time in the main shock fault zones. Extending the analysis to a M 3.2 aftershock sequence in the same region confirms an increase in the duration of the initial pre-power-law decay period with increasing main shock magnitude. We find, from the return time of aftershock magnitudes to the long-term completeness level, that the initial pre-power-law decay period and its durational dependence on main shock magnitude may not only represent incompleteness artefacts but may also reflect the physics of the aftershock process in the SISZ. Based on pore pressure diffusion modelling, we interpret the origin of the observed SISZ aftershock features in terms of a spatially non-linear coseismic influence of the main shock on stresses in the surrounding crust and poroelastic adjustment of stresses and pore pressures during main shock initiated diffusion processes. In a discussion of alternative interpretations, we find that rate and state friction and dynamically propagating crack models, the statistical ETAS model, afterslip models, viscoelastic relaxation of the lower crust and upper mantle and a recently proposed dependence on the crustal state of stress all appear inconsistent with at least one of the characteristic spatiotemporal features of the studied SISZ aftershock sequences. We conclude that these features constitute strong evidence for pore pressure effects in aftershock triggering within the SISZ and recommend that poroelastic adjustment of stresses is taken into account in modelling of main shock initiated pore pressure diffusion.
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| 7. |
- Lund, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Calculating horizontal stress orientations with full or partial knowledge of the tectonic stress tensor
- 2007
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Ingår i: Geophysical Journal International. - 0956-540X .- 1365-246X. ; 170:3, s. 1328-1335
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Earthquakes potentially serve as abundant and cost-effective gauges of tectonic stress provided that reliable means exist of extracting robust stress parameters. Several algorithms have been developed for this task, each of which typically provides information on the orientations of the three principal stresses and a single stress magnitude parameter. A convenient way of displaying tectonic stress results is to map the azimuth of maximum horizontal compressive stress, which is usually approximated using the azimuth of the larger subhorizontal principal stress. This approximation introduces avoidable errors that depend not only on the principal stress axes' plunges but also on the value of the stress magnitude parameter. Here we outline a method of computing the true direction of maximum horizontal compressive stress (SH) and show that this computation can be performed using only the four stress parameters obtained in routine focal mechanism stress estimation. Using theoretical examples and new stress inversion results obtained with focal mechanism data from the central Grímsey lineament, northern Iceland, we show that the SH axis may differ by tens of degrees from its commonly adopted proxy. In order to most appropriately compare tectonic stress estimates with other geophysical parameters, such as seismic fast directions or geodetically measured strain rate tensors, or to investigate spatiotemporal variations in stress, we recommend that full use be made of the routinely estimated stress parameters and that a formal axis of maximum horizontal compression be calculated.
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| 8. |
- Spada, G., et al.
(författare)
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A benchmark study for glacial isostatic adjustment codes
- 2011
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Ingår i: Geophysical Journal International. - 0956-540X .- 1365-246X. ; 185:1, s. 106-132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) is gaining an increasingly important role within the geophysical community. Understanding the response of the Earth to loading is crucial in various contexts, ranging from the interpretation of modern satellite geodetic measurements (e. g. GRACE and GOCE) to the projections of future sea level trends in response to climate change. Modern modelling approaches to GIA are based on various techniques that range from purely analytical formulations to fully numerical methods. Despite various teams independently investigating GIA, we do not have a suitably large set of agreed numerical results through which the methods may be validated; a community benchmark data set would clearly be valuable. Following the example of the mantle convection community, here we present, for the first time, the results of a benchmark study of codes designed to model GIA. This has taken place within a collaboration facilitated through European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action ES0701. The approaches benchmarked are based on significantly different codes and different techniques. The test computations are based on models with spherical symmetry and Maxwell rheology and include inputs from different methods and solution techniques: viscoelastic normal modes, spectral-finite elements and finite elements. The tests involve the loading and tidal Love numbers and their relaxation spectra, the deformation and gravity variations driven by surface loads characterized by simple geometry and time history and the rotational fluctuations in response to glacial unloading. In spite of the significant differences in the numerical methods employed, the test computations show a satisfactory agreement between the results provided by the participants.
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| 9. |
- Ahmadi, Omid, et al.
(författare)
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Revealing the deeper structure of the end-glacial Pärvie fault system in northern Sweden by seismic reflection profiling
- 2015
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Ingår i: Solid Earth Discussions. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1869-9537 .- 1869-9529 .- 1869-9510. ; 6:2, s. 537-563
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fault scarps that extend up to 155 km and have offsets of tens of meters at the surface are present in the northern parts of Finland, Norway and Sweden. These fault scarps are inferred to have formed during earthquakes with magnitudes up to 8 at the time of the last deglaciation. The Pärvie fault system represents the largest earthquake so far documented in northern Scandinavia, both in terms of its length and its calculated magnitude. It is also the longest known glacially induced fault in the world. Present-day microearthquakes occur along the length of the fault scarp on the eastern side of the scarp, in general agreement with an east dipping main fault. In the central section of the fault, where there is a number of subsidiary faults east of the main fault, it has been unclear how the earthquakes relate to the faults mapped at the surface. A seismic profile across the Pärvie Fault system acquired in 2007, with a mechanical hammer as a source, showed a good correlation between the surface mapped faults and moderate to steeply dipping reflectors. The most pronounced reflector could be mapped to about 3 km depth. In an attempt to map the fault system to deeper levels, a new 22 km long 2-D seismic profile which followed the 2007 line was acquired in June 2014. For deeper penetration an explosive source with a maximum charge size of 8.34 kg in 20 m deep shot holes was used. Reflectors can now be traced to deeper levels with the main 65◦ east dipping fault interpreted as a weakly reflective structure. As in the previous profile, there is a pronounced strongly reflective 60◦ west dipping structure present to the east of the main fault that can now be mapped to about 8 km depth. Extrapolations of the main and subsidiary faults converge at a depth of about 11.5 km where current earthquake activity is concentrated, suggesting their intersection has created favorable conditions for seismic stress release. Based on the present and previous seismic reflection data, potential locations for future boreholes for drilling into the fault system are proposed.
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| 10. |
- Mikko, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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LiDAR-derived inventory of post-glacial fault scarps in Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: GFF. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1103-5897 .- 2000-0863. ; 137:4, s. 334-338
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pre-existing bedrock structures that reactivated following deglaciation through a combination of tectonic and isostatic stresses are well documented in northern Fennoscandia. Due to their possible implications for seismic hazards, there is a need to document the locations and geometries of these features. The recent availability of a high-resolution, LiDAR-derived, digital elevation model coveringmost of Sweden provides an ideal base upon which to map post-glacial fault scarps that appear to crosscut glacial sediments and landforms. The current mapping project has identified new post-glacial fault scarps in central Sweden, and both refined and rejected scarps previously mapped by aerial photographicinterpretation in northern Sweden. No post-glacial fault scarps, however, were identified in southern Sweden. The current inventory of post-glacial fault scarps is available for download and will be updated as more data become available.
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