| 1. |
- Abegunawardana, Sidath, et al.
(författare)
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Audible Frequency Analysis of Ground Flashes
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thunder signatures categorized into three types based on peak pressure and variation in fundamental frequency, have been studied by using acoustic spectrum of thunder. S-transformation has been used to estimate the dominant frequency variation around the peak pressure. The mean fundamental frequencies of type 3 ground and cloud flashes are 160 Hz and 98 Hz respectively. The mean frequencies of type 2 ground and cloud flashes are 108 Hz and 82 Hz respectively.
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| 2. |
- Abegunawardana, Sidath, et al.
(författare)
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Sound Source Localization of Lightning Discharges
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The lightning channel can be retraced by thunder signature recorded with an array of microphones. Four microphones were arranged to capture thunder sound, and acoustic cross-correlation of captured pressure signals estimated the time lag of each pair of microphones. A wave segment with 0.25 s or 0.5 s of duration was compared with the acoustic signal recorded by other microphones to estimate time lapse. The direction of channel propagation has been estimated by the time difference of arrival of each pair of microphones. Thunder source locations estimated by this method can be extended to investigate the channel propagation inside clouds.
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| 3. |
- Abewardhana, Ruwan, et al.
(författare)
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Lightning Localization Based on VHF Broadband Interferometer Developed in Sri Lanka
- 2018
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Ingår i: 2018 34th international conference on lightning protection (ICLP 2018). - New York : IEEE. - 9781538666357
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A basic broadband digital interferometer was developed, which is capable of locating Very High Frequency (VHF) radiation sources in two spatial dimensions and time. Three antennas sensed the time series of broadband electromagnetic (EM) signals and digitized with 4 ns sampling interval for a duration of several milliseconds. A technique based on cross-correlations has been implemented for mapping lightning source locations. A map of the first return stroke (RS) and the preceding stepped leader was mapped successfully, using the system with a time resolution of few milliseconds. The result was compared with the visible events of the ground flash to validate the system.
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| 4. |
- Ahmad, Noor Azlinda, et al.
(författare)
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The first electric field pulse of cloud and cloud-to-ground lightning discharges
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1364-6826 .- 1879-1824. ; 72:2-3, s. 143-150
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, the first electric field pulse of cloud and cloud-to-ground discharges were analyzed and compared with other pulses of cloud discharges. Thirty eight cloud discharges and 101 cloud-to-ground discharges have been studied in this analysis. Pulses in cloud discharges were classified as [`]small', [`]medium' and [`]large', depending upon the value of their relative amplitude with respect to that of the average amplitude of the five largest pulses in the flash. We found that parameters, such as pulse duration, rise time, zero crossing time and full-width at half-maximum (FWHMs) of the first pulse of cloud and cloud-to-ground discharges are similar to small pulses that appear in the later stage of cloud discharges. Hence, we suggest that the mechanism of the first pulse of cloud and cloud-to-ground discharges and the mechanism of pulses at the later stage of cloud discharges could be the same.
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| 5. |
- Bodhika, J. A. P., et al.
(författare)
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A preliminary study on characteristics of thunder pulses of lightning
- 2014
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Ingår i: 2014 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LIGHTNING PROTECTION (ICLP). - : IEEE conference proceedings. - 9781479935444 ; , s. 260-264
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thunder is the acoustic emission associated with lightning discharges. Thunder signatures have been analyzed by many scientists with the aim of understanding the energy, channel tortuosity and localization of lightning channel. In describing thunder features, a few subjective terms such as clap, roll and rumble have been used in the literature inconsistently with no proper definitions. In this study the features of pressure pulses such as occurrence characteristics and their relative amplitudes were analyzed to understand some of the above mentioned thunder features. Those subjective terms, clap, peal, roll and rumble were quantified along with relative pulse amplitudes and confirmed by listening the recorded thunder signals carefully. The relative peak amplitudes of the pulses of rumble were less than 20% of the peak pulses of the thunder signal and for roll it was between 20% to 40%. Pulses with relative amplitudes greater than 40% were identified as claps. The most significant contribution to the sound in a thunder flash is due to claps, which was studied separately in this study. The number of claps in a thunder flash, their frequency variation, durations, and pulse characteristics has been studied. The frequency of pressure oscillations within these claps are being less than 300 Hz. According to this study, 62% of the flashes consist of 1 to 2 claps. The activity of the thunder signal is high in initial half than the latter half. Thunder signals analyzed in this study is recorded by a microphone system with wide bandwidth range from 6 to 20 kHz.
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| 6. |
- Bodhika, J. A. P., et al.
(författare)
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Characteristics of thunder pertinent to tropical lightning
- 2018
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Ingår i: 34th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP) (ICLP 2018). - : IEEE. - 9781538666357
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Acoustic effects of lightning flashes are not well studied. Thunder also destructive as electric fields do. Thunder flashes of tropical lightning occurred in Hambantota (81(0) 0'E, 6(0) 10'N) close to the southern coast of Sri Lanka were studied. About 90 thunder flashes recorded with the sampling rate of 100 kS/s in 45 s windows were analyzed to identify their characteristics and damaging effects. Results of the analysis on duration of thunder flashes, peak sound pressure levels, occurrence of thunder claps and frequency distribution were presented. The shortest and longest duration of thunder recorded were 2.2 sec and 33.7 sec respectively. About 75% of thunder flashes were remained for about 5-20 sec. The frequency spectrum of a thunder signal could spread up to 1500 Hz. The peak sound pressure level of 30% of recorded thunder flashes at least 3 km away from the lightning were higher than 2 Nm(-2) (100 dB). One to five claps were identified in thunder flashes with 62% having 1 or 2 claps. Sound pressure level, frequency range and its duration are required quantities to estimate the harmful effects of thunder.
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| 7. |
- Gunasekara, T.A.L.N., et al.
(författare)
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Time-Frequency Analysis of vertical and horizontal electric field changes of lightning negative return strokes observed in Sri Lanka
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1364-6826 .- 1879-1824. ; 179, s. 34-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Simultaneously captured vertical and horizontal (total) electric field signatures of lightning negative Return Strokes (RS) were analyzed to obtain Time-Frequency (TF) variation using Stockwell Transformation (ST). In the study, ST was utilized since it is known to possess comparatively better time resolution at high frequency regions compared to other available TF methods. The data were obtained during the monsoon season of April–May 2014. The vertical and horizontal component of fifty negative RSs was utilized in the study. The resultant ST spectrum was analyzed and the regions of interest were demarcated based on the color which represented their relative power output intensities for different frequency components of the signal. The spread area was identified as the region of frequencies which consisted of power intensity equal or above 90th percentile when compared to the maximum possible value. The spectral area was identified as the area of frequencies in the borderline to the natural background noise. The spread region for the vertical E field had a range between 10 kHz and 650 kHz. Its average values were in between 126 kHz and 331 kHz. The spectral region of the vertical electric field change spanned from 1 kHz to 1020 kHz. Its average distribution was 44 kHz–660 kHz. Horizontal electric fields had a range of 20 kHz–1940 kHz in the spectral region. The same for the spread region was 80 kHz–910 kHz. The averages of the horizontal E field's spectral region were 46–1112 kHz and its spread region varied between 227 and 599 kHz. The results display a higher frequency range for all aspects of the horizontal E field changes which implies that its influence on the high frequency radiation is much higher than its vertical counterpart.
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| 8. |
- Ismail, Mohd Muzafar, et al.
(författare)
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On the possible origin of chaotic pulse trains in lightning flashes
- 2017
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Ingår i: Atmosphere. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4433 .- 2073-4433. ; 8:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, electromagnetic field radiation bursts known as chaotic pulse trains (CPTs) and regular pulse trains (RPTs) generated by lightning flashes were analyzed. Through a numerical analysis it was found that a typical CPT could be generated by superimposing several RPTs onto each other. It is suggested that the chaotic pulse trains are created by a superposition of several regular pulse trains. Since regular pulse trains are probably created by dart or dart-stepped leaders or K-changes inside the cloud, chaotic pulse trains are caused by the superposition of electric fields caused by more than one of these leaders or K-changes propagating simultaneously. The hypothesis is supported by the fact that one can find regular pulse trains either in the beginning, middle or later stages of chaotic pulse trains.
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| 9. |
- Perera, Chandana, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of Channel Tortuosity using 8 m Long Laboratory Sparks
- 2018
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Ingår i: 34th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP 2018). - : IEEE. - 9781538666357
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The tortuosity of the channel is defined as "Mean absolute angle change of the angle change and it measures how strongly the tortuous path of the channel of lightning/laboratory spark is twisting. 8 m Long laboratory sparks and high speed (20000 frames per second) technology used for this experiment. Using these data it has been calculated the channel tortuosity of 8 m long sparks and vertical profile of channel tortuosity. In addition to that spectral analysis of the angel change of the twisting path of the channel has been done in this study.
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| 10. |
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