| 1. |
- Elgåker, Hanna, et al.
(author)
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Horse Keeping in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas: New Conditions for Physical Planning in Sweden
- 2010
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In: Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0016-7223 .- 1903-2471. ; 110, s. 81-98
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- An increasing number of land use conflicts involving planning practice, equine activities and businesses and neighbouring landowners and residents have occurred in Swedish peri-urban areas. In a case study the disturbances and benefits arising from horses experienced by residents in two different areas of Sweden were investigated, together with a study of the attitudes of local planners to horse keeping near residential areas and subsequent policy documents. The results from the study found few conflicts between residents and horse keeping but revealed diverging practice and policy between municipalities, which may create a legal insecurity for the involved stakeholders. The results were mirrored in the broader perspective of spatial planning facing new challenges in the wake of the urban-rural diffusion. This was obtained by means of current planning theory discourse in examining the effects of set-back distance from rural contexts when applied in urban areas. The study illustrated a planning problem where the planning tools for managing this issue has been built on the urban- rural dichotomy providing unclear planning practice and policy in a peri-urban context. The result may be used to elucidate the character of this issue in the search for suitable planning tools in peri urban areas. Keywords Equine activity, land use, comprehensive planning, conflict, peri-urban
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| 2. |
- Elgåker, Hanna, et al.
(author)
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Horse riding posing challenges to the Swedish Right of Public Access
- 2012
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In: Land Use Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 29, s. 274-293
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Increasing numbers of horses are being kept for sports and leisure purposes in peri-urban areas throughout the Western world. This expansion of the equestrian sector represents a multifunctional transition, with new production of rural goods and services and increasing influence on land use. In Sweden, the number of horses has increased from 70,000 to approximately 300,000 over the last 30 years. This increase is putting pressure on the traditional Right of Public Access, an old custom allowing the public to walk, cycle or ride on private or state-owned property. This paper analyses multifunctional land use in peri-urban areas in order to provide a deeper understanding of the potential conflicts arising due to the expanding equine sector and to assess how these can affect the Swedish right of public access and spatial planning. A survey of horse riders and landowners in three peri-urban regions of Sweden revealed that these groups differ in their attitudes towards the Right of Public Access. The data also showed that the expanding equine sector is generating new demands on rural areas and there are questions regarding how the current system of open accessibility can meet the increasing market for equestrian leisure activities. The main conclusion is that there seems to be a strong need for intervention and deliberate creation of new ways of handling the accessibility question, where both a bottom-up and top-down approach may be useful
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| 3. |
- Pinzke, Stefan, et al.
(author)
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Arbetsolycksfall i jord- och skogsbruk 2004
- 2011
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Syftet med föreliggande projekt (som finansieras av Stiftelsen Lantbruksforskning (SLF)) var att genomföra en omfattande enkät- och intervjuundersökning rörande olycksfall i jord- och skogsbruk 2004 i nära samarbete med representanter från Arbetsmiljöverket, Statistiska Centralbyrån (SCB), LRF, forskare, arbetsmarknadens parter m fl. Målsättningen var att få fördjupade kunskaper om olycksfallens uppkomst och omfattning. Avsikten var också att ta fram en sammanställning av åtgärder som förebygger uppkomsten av olycksfall inom de olika verksamhetsgrenarna i jord- och skogsbruket. För projektets genomförande etablerades en projekt- & referensgrupp, bestående av representanter från Institutionen för jordbrukets biosystem och teknologi (JBT), Arbetsmiljöverket, SCB, och Lantbrukets arbetsmiljökommitté (LAMK). I samråd med referensgruppen bestämdes urval, enkätutformning, utskick och resultatsammanställning. Urval • Målpopulationen för undersökningen var lantbruksföretag som 2004 hade mer än två hektar åker, företag med stor djurbesättning (oavsett åkerarealens storlek) samt företag med trädgårdsodling (minst 0,3 hektar friland eller minst 200 kvadratmeter växthusyta). En urvalsram skapades som avgränsar, identifierar och möjliggör koppling till objekten i populationen. Urvalsramen i denna undersökning utgjordes av lantbruksregistret (LBR) 2003, som innehåller gröduppgifter från stödsystemet IAKS 2003. Det totala antalet företag i ramen blev slutligen 67 061. JBT och SCB beslöt att urvalsstorleken skulle vara 7 000 lantbruksföretag. Enkätutformning • Postenkäten bestod av ett dubbelsidigt blad med fjorton frågor. Den viktigaste frågan gällde om det förekommit några olyckor på företaget under 2004. Med olycksfall avsågs plötsligt inträffade olyckshändelser som medfört kroppsskada och som utgjort hinder i arbetet. Olyckorna rapporterades per verksamhet, dvs. för jordbruk, trädgårdsodling, skogsbruk och annan näringsverksamhet (inkomstbringande verksamhet som har direkt samband med lantbruket). Telefonintervjublanketten avsåg ytterligare ett tiotal frågor för respektive olycksfall på företaget. Förutom variabler som samlats in via blanketterna hämtades ett antal registervariabler från LBR. Dessa var bland annat företagets timklass och driftsinriktning. Utskick • Frågeblanketterna i huvudundersökningen sändes till urvalsföretagen via post. Via missivet ombads dessa besvara frågorna och återsända frågeblanketten till SCB. Företag som redovisat olycksfall kontaktades av telefonintervjuare från SCB. Då inhämtades utförligare uppgifter om respektive olycksfall. Sammantaget pågick insamlingsarbetet från slutet av januari till slutet av maj 2005. • Totalt besvarade 5646 företag (81% av 7000) postenkäten. Resultat • Ca 5000 olycksfall inträffade år 2004 på jordbruksföretag och jordbruksföretag i kombination med skogsbruk (varav ca 74% inom jordbruket och 18% inom skogsbruket). Jämförelse mellan denna undersökning och den arbetsskadestatistik som publiceras av Arbetsmiljöverket visar på stora skillnader. Antalet anmälda arbetsolyckor år 2004 inom jordbruk, skogsbruk, jakt och fiske är där ca 400. Detta innebär att endast 8% av de inträffade olycksfallen framkommer i den officiella arbetsskadestatistiken. • På ca 7% av alla jordbruksföretag inträffade minst ett olycksfall som medfört kroppsskada och som utgjort hinder i arbetet. • Vad gäller olyckor inom olika driftsinriktningar framgår det att det till stor del är jordbruksföretag med djurproduktion som drabbas, drygt 70%. • Allra högst andel olycksfall inträffade på företag med mjölkproduktion. Under 2004 drabbades 15% av alla gårdar med mjölkproduktion av ett eller flera olycksfall. • För inriktning mjölkkor inträffade flest olyckor vid mjölkning och hantering och förflyttning av djur (framförallt spark, tramp, slag, klämning o.d. från djur). Fallolyckshändelser (t.ex. halkning/snubbling) var relativt vanliga förutom vid mjölkning också vid utgödsling och stallrengöring samt vid kraftfoderhantering. • Övervägande olyckshändelser med andra husdjur var slag, spark o.d. från djur vid arbete med köttdjur och rekrytering av mjölkdjur (t.ex. spark, stångning) och med Suggor, galtar och smågrisar (t.ex. påsprungen, klämning). • Flest olyckshändelser inom inriktning grödor inträffade vid arbete, transport och lagring av grovfoder och strö (t.ex. balhantering) och tröskgrödor (t.ex. vid arbete med skördetröskan, spannmålskross, silotorn etc.) • Vid traktorkörning var det vanligaste olycksområdet till- och frånkoppling av redskap, maskin, vagn etc. • Inom området byggnader och inventarier inträffade flest olyckor i samband med reparationsarbeten. Vanliga händelser var fallolyckor (t.ex. från stegar), kontakt med föremål i vila (kläm- /skärskador) och träffad av flygande/fallande föremål (t.ex. föremål som lossnar vid reparationsarbete). • Sannolikt inträffade det färre än 100 olyckor inom trädgårdsodling under år 2004. • Vanliga olyckor vid arbete på friland och i växthus var fall- och snedtrampolyckor. • Ca 18% av samtliga olycksfall inträffade på jordbruksföretag med skogsbruk. • De vanligaste olyckorna inom skogsbruksverksamheten inträffade vid motormanuell avverkning, gallringsarbete speciellt vid fällning (t.ex. träffad av fallande träd) och kvistning (t.ex. olyckshändelse med motorsåg). • Inom skogsvård inträffade flera olyckshändelser vid arbete med röjning. • Flest olycksfall inom området energi inträffade i samband med vedklyvning (t.ex. klämskador i vedklyven) och vedkapning (t.ex. avkapade fingrar). • Ca 8% av de studerade olycksfallen inträffade i annan näringsverksamhet än jordbruk, trädgårdsodling eller skogsbruk. • Flest olycksfall i annan näringsverksamhet inträffade i samband med hästverksamhet speciellt händelser som slag, spark o.d. från djur (t.ex. spark/trampning, avkastning från hästen). • Två tredjedelar av olycksfallen inträffade i Götaland (66%). • En tredjedel av olycksfallen inträffade på företag där arbetet till minst 90% utfördes ensam av brukaren. • Ca hälften av jordbruksföretagen som rapporterade olycksfall hade anställda. • 81% av olycksfallen inträffade på företag där jordbruket var huvudsyssla. • Inom jordbruksverksamheten var det brukaren som främst drabbades av olycksfall (61%), familjemedlem (32%) samt anställda (6%). • Vid 60% av olycksfallen söktes sjukvård. • Den genomsnittliga frånvaron från arbetet var 14 dagar beräknat på samtliga verksamma. För de som minst en dag avstod från arbete till följd av olycksfallet var den genomsnittliga frånvaron 32 dagar. • Endast 16% av skadorna ledde till sjukskrivning. • Den genomsnittliga sjukskrivningstiden beräknat på samtliga verksamma inom jord- och skogsbruket var 9 dagar. I de fall då man blev sjukskriven minst en dag var den genomsnittliga sjukskrivningstiden 56 dagar. • 84% av olycksfallen drabbade män. • Nästan hälften (46%) av de olycksdrabbade var över 55 år gamla. • Den drabbade inom jordbruksverksamheten hade i genomsnitt 29 års yrkeserfarenhet, 76 % hade minst 10 års yrkeserfarenhet. • Två tredjedelar av olycksfallen inom jordbruket inträffade utomhus. • Vanligaste skadehändelse var djurrelaterade olycksfall (djurspark mm) följt av fall- och fordonsolyckor. • Vanligaste områden vid skadetillfället var byggnader/inventarier (27%), följt av mjölkkor (24%), andra djur (20%) samt traktorkörning (5%). • De olycksdrabbade inom jordbruket sökte sjukvård först vid sjukhus (65%), följt av vårdcentral (19%), i 8% av fallen tillkallades ambulans. • Vanliga kroppsdelar som skadades vid olyckor inom jord- och skogsbruket var hand, handled, fingrar (23%), axel, arm (13%), höftled, ben och knä (14%), fot, fotled och tår (13%) samt huvud (10%). • Vanligaste skadetyp inom jord- och skogsbruk var kross- eller klämskada (33%), följt av stukning m.m. (18%), sårskada (16%) samt skelettskada (14%) • Endast 11% av skadorna inom jord- och skogsbruket har anmälts till Försäkringskassan
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| 4. |
- Nilsson, Kerstin, et al.
(author)
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Äldre lantbrukares olycksrisker
- 2011
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Antalet äldre inom lantbruket ökar och med anledning av detta är det särskilt intressant att studera risker och olyckor utifrån ett åldersperspektiv. Syftet med denna studie var att kartlägga omfattningen och omständigheter kring olyckor, händelseförlopp samt typ av personskador i både lantbruks- och trafikmiljö.
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| 5. |
- Bostad, Elise, et al.
(author)
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Labour input in specialised beef bull production in Sweden
- 2011
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In: Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Ejournal. - 1682-1130. ; 13, s. 1-21
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Labour input was investigated on 101 Swedish beef bull farms, representing 42% of all farms rearing 100-800 bulls annually in 2007. Work time studies were performed through questionnaires, supplemented by field studies on a smaller set of farms. Young bulls were of dairy or beef breed, purchased from age 7 to 365 days by specialist producers and finished to an average age of 17 (dairy breed) and 15.5 months (beef breed) and carcass weight 300 and 330 kg, respectively. Farms with different models of finishing, depending on calf age at purchase, were categorised into four groups as: 1) Pre-weaned, 7-61 days purchase age (PW), 2) weaned, 56-92 days purchase age (W1), 3) weaned, 107-168 days purchase age (W2) and 4) weaned, 180-365 days purchase age (W3). Total median labour input per bull for pre-defined work tasks was 6.4, 7.1, 4.0 and 2.7 hours, respectively, for these four different finishing models. Labour efficiency in the four models was 0.76, 0.94, 0.64 and 0.69 min/bull/day, respectively, i.e. with no difference in labour efficiency between farms rearing pre-weaned calves (PW) or calves weaned from 2-3 months of age (W1). No differences were found in total daily labour efficiency (min/bull/day) within the quarantine house and finishing sections, or in tasks common to both sections. Feeding was the most labour-intensive task, requiring 65-78% of daily labour input. Feeding time was not strongly affected by technique, but was shortest on farms operating with total mixed ration (TMR) (0.30 min/bull/day) (p=0.046). However, farms operating with TMR were also significantly larger, with 200 bulls (range 100-600) in the finishing house compared with 150 bulls (range 44-400) on farms feeding roughage and concentrates separately (labour input 0.52 min/bull/day). The effect of housing system on labour input for daily tasks was examined on the 65% of farms utilising only one type of housing system in the finishing house. Systems with slatted floor group pens (concrete or rubber flooring) had the lowest work time requirement (0.47 min/bull/day), followed by straw bedded pens with or without paved alleys (0.51 and 0.58 min/bull/day, respectively) and loose house cubicle systems (0.70 min/bull/day). A non-linear relationship was found between labour efficiency and bull unit size. Variations in work efficiency for finishing 100-200 bulls/year ranged from 0.2-3.0 min/bull/day in the finishing house, indicating possibilities for increased labour efficiency related to factors other than unit size. Labour input per bull was not significantly affected by unit size from 450 bulls/year (0.4 min/bull/day) to 960 bulls/year (0.3 min/bull/day), possibly indicating the highest level of labour efficiency achievable in Swedish beef bull production at present
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| 6. |
- Lindahl, Cecilia, et al.
(author)
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Occupational Health and Safety Aspects of Animal Handling in Dairy Production
- 2013
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In: Journal of Agromedicine. - 1059-924X .- 1545-0813. ; 18:3, s. 274-283
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Livestock handling in dairy production is associated with a number of health and safety issues. A large number of fatal and nonfatal injuries still occur when handling livestock. The many animal handling tasks on a dairy farm include moving cattle between different locations, vaccination, administration of medication, hoof care, artificial insemination, ear tagging, milking, and loading onto trucks. There are particular problems with bulls, which continue to cause considerable numbers of injuries and fatalities in dairy production. In order to reduce the number of injuries during animal handling on dairy farms, it is important to understand the key factors in human-animal interactions. These include handler attitudes and behavior, animal behavior, and fear in cows. Care when in close proximity to the animal is the key for safe handling, including knowledge of the flight zone, and use of the right types of tools and suitable restraint equipment. Thus, in order to create safe working conditions during livestock handling, it is important to provide handlers with adequate training and to establish sound safety management procedures on the farm.
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| 10. |
- Lunner Kolstrup, Christina, et al.
(author)
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Current status of the equine sector in the central Baltic region (Finland, Latvia and Sweden)
- 2013
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This report covers basic descriptions and characteristics of the equine sector, including statistics on number of horses, horse farms, employment, current structure and recent dynamics in the horse sector in Finland, Latvia and Sweden and also the mobility (e.g. trade, import, export and tourism) within the Central Baltic Region. The information was gathered through literature reviews, round table discussions and interviews with equine organisations and stakeholders, and through visits to farms with equine business activities in each of the three countries. Horses in Finland, Latvia and Sweden At the moment the horse population in Finland is growing steadily. In 2010 there were about 75 000 horses. Most of these are warm-blooded trotting horses, but riding horses are becoming increasingly popular as riding as a hobby increases in popularity. Approximately 35 000 people own at least one horse and co-ownership is becoming a common way of owning a horse with relatively small costs and responsibilities, especially among trotting sports. There are approximately 16 000 stables, of which over 3 000 are business orientated. These numbers are still only estimates, because Finland is lacking a comprehensive register of stables and stable enterprises. Although statistical data on the number of horses, breeds, herds, stables etc. are being collected and are available in Latvia, there is still a lack of statistical data that characterise the sector in relation to employment, provide an idea of the financial results, and characterise horse uses for tourism or therapy purposes. For example, there are no data on the number of people working with horses. This is perhaps related to the perception of the sector as being located within the context of horse breeding. Statistical data show that the number of horses in Latvia in general has decreased, from 15 250 in 2005 to 11 476 in 2012, and the current trends indicate that it could decrease even more. The number of livestock has decreased correspondingly, from 9814 in 2005 to 5577 in 2012. More than 84% of all farms have 1 to 5 horses, and only a few farms have more than 100 horses. The number of horses in Sweden decreased in the early 1920s from about 700 000 to about 70 000 in the 1970s. During the past 30 years the number of horses has increased tremendously, but the trend seems to be stagnated the last few years. Today there are approximately 362 700 horses and about 20% of all horses in Sweden are within business establishments. The number of horses per 1 000 habitants is 39 for the whole country and Sweden is now estimated to have the second highest density of horses per capita in Europe. There are approximately 77 800 establishments involving horses in Sweden. The equine businesses have on average 4.7 horses and provide full-time or part-time work for a total of 25 000 people. About two-thirds of those working with horses are women. Horse related legislation in Finland, Latvia and Sweden Environmental legislation is one of the broadest judicial systems in Finland. It consists of a number of different laws and regulations, relating to waste disposal, water protection, environmental protection, land use and construction. After EU membership, environmental legislation in Finland was harmonised with EC (European Community) legislation, especially in the case of environmental protection and conservation. The main environmental legislation concerning the horse sector in Finland consists of following laws, directives and regulations: 1) Environmental protection law and regulation, 2) Waste law and regulation, 3) EU waste incineration directive, 4) By-product regulation, 5) Nitrate regulation, 6) Law concerning dead animals in remote areas, 7) The law on processing household water in remote areas, 8) Health protection law and regulation, 9) Fertilizer law, 10) Conservation law, 11) Land use and construction law and 12) Law about neighbourliness. According to the requirements of the Ministry of Agriculture, the policy of the horse breeding sector in Latvia is based on: a) Horse breeding is performed according to the targets stated in the breeding programme, which are based on production of high quality animals, preservation and improvement of the genotype through purposeful use of the breeding stock and improvement of horse monitoring, b) The importance of the development of horses and equestrian sports within the framework of the common agricultural policy is emphasised in order to encourage development of the rural environment, and c) Horse breeding is compliant with welfare regulations. National and European Union aid for the development of the agricultural sector is allocated to horse breeding too. Most of it consists of aid for breeding measures in the equine sector. Currently there are no specific regulations in Latvia which define requirements for keeping horses. Horse breeding is not distinguished separately within the field of animal welfare in Latvia and therefore the main document is the Animal Protection Law. Its norms are general, while Cabinet Regulation No 959 ´Welfare Requirements for the Keeping and Training of Sport, Work and Exhibition Animals and Use Thereof in Competitions, Work or Exhibitions´ does not specify actions with horses and can easily be interpreted in different ways. There is no measurable evaluation system to assess fulfilment of the requirements in the Cabinet Regulations. The law stipulates the actions and activities which may be undertaken with an animal and those which are strictly forbidden and lists the institutions that should supervise compliance with the law and the welfare requirements. Latvia lacks the basis of normative documents that would specifically regulate personal safety in the horse breeding sector and in businesses related to horse use. Therefore the common normative basis has to be considered, the foundation of which is the ´Labour Protection Law´. The foundation of Swedish environmental legislation is the Swedish Environmental Code. The purpose of the Swedish Environmental Code is to promote sustainable development which will assure a healthy and sound environment for present and future generations. The Code is a legislative framework based on a number of fundamental principles permeating international environmental protection and resource management. These include the "precautionary" principle, the "polluter pays" principle, the "product choice" principle and principles governing resource management, natural cycles and appropriate siting of industrial (and other) operations and remedial measures. The main environmental legislation in Sweden concerning the horse sector consists of the following laws, directives, ordinances and regulations: 1) Environmental Code, 2) Ordinance concerning environmentally hazardous activities and the protection of public health, 3) Ordinance on environmental consideration in agriculture, 4) Nitrate directive, 5) Water directive, 6) Swedish guidance on storage and spreading of manure, 7) Regulation on environmental consideration in agriculture as regards plant nutrients, 8) Ordinance on inspection and enforcement according to the Environmental Code, 9) Ordinance on self-inspection by operators, 10) Ordinance on animal by-products, 11) Ordinance on fees for examination and supervision under the Environmental Code and the fees ordinance, 12) Regulations on the protection of the environment, in particular the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture, 13) Regulations on consideration for natural and cultural values in agriculture, 14) Ordinance on environmental penalty charge, 15) The Planning and Building Ordinance, 16) The Land Code. In Sweden the occupational safety and health issues in general are regulated in the Work Environmental Act (SFS 1977:1160), in the Work Environmental Ordinance (SFS 1977:1166) and in several provisions. There is no specific legislation regarding occupational health and safety in the horse sector. However, these issues are included in the provision Working with animals (SFS 2008:17). Some results of the round table discussions in Finland, Latvia and Sweden In general, the participants in round table discussions in Finland were hoping for concrete solutions and examples of low-cost and easy help for everyday businesses. Entrepreneurs with lower profitability need more support, but the challenge is to get them involved in education or advisory events. The riding sector at least is much divided, with some businesses having as many customers as they can serve, and others who are constantly on the edge of bankruptcy. To help those small and medium-sized enterprises that need help the most, the project should produce advice that can immediately be used in practice, and concrete results and solutions. The problem with small and medium-sized businesses is the lack of capital and the related impossibility of investing large amounts of money in new technologies or large-scale facilities. In this sector the profitability and competitiveness are often low, but small changes in operations could improve these. Many business owners are still lacking business skills and they may not see what they could use as a competitive advantage. The current understanding of the equine sector in Latvia has to be reconsidered or a better understanding has to be created. Therefore the policy guidelines and the aid to the sector will have to be reviewed. For example, according to the view of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Latvia, the equine sector only concerns breeding and accordingly state aid is predominantly provided for this purpose. The Latvian Horse Breeding Association also considers breeding to be its priority, but several representatives of the tourism industry expressed the opinion that horse breeding should be reconsidered, paying special attention to the Latvian horse breed, which could be interesting for foreign and local tourists as a special feature of
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