| 1. |
- Ahlerup, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Webbpoliser, gaming och kontranarrativ : Digitalt förebyggande arbete mot extremism och våldsbejakande extremism
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I takt med att internet, iPhones och smartphones har kommit att bli en integrerad del av många människors vardag har även betydelsen av den digitala arenan ökat bland de våldsbejakande extremistiska miljöerna. I Sverige har det under de senaste åren genomförts ett flertal viktiga studier i relation till extremism och den digitala arenan. Det saknas emellertid studier som mer specifikt fokuserar på hur den digitala arenan kan integreras i samt stärka det förebyggande arbetet mot extremism och våldsbejakande extremism – vilket utgör denna studies fokusområde. Genom att beskriva och diskutera femton exempel på metoder som används inom en svensk samt en europeisk kontext belyser studien hur digitala verktyg potentiellt kan appliceras och integreras i det lokala och nationella förebyggande arbetet mot extremism och våldsbejakande extremism. Utöver detta beskrivs och analyseras potentiella fördelar samt utmaningar med användningen av den digitala arenan i förhållande till just förebyggande arbete, vilket även innefattar en diskussion kring olika metoder och verktygs effektivitet.Studien påvisar bland annat att det finns oändliga möjligheter att använda sig av den digitala arenan i förhållande till förebyggande arbete, samt att integreringen av den digitala arenan är ytterst centralt för att på ett effektivt sätt kunna förebygga och motverka just extremism och våldsbejakande extremism. Detta då en stor del av extremistiska aktörers aktiviteter i dagsläget sker just online, samt då det är tydligt att online- och offlinedimensionen inte kan separeras funktionellt. Det konstateras dock att flera av de befintliga initiativ som studeras främst tenderar att existera som isolerade företeelser, snarare än att exempelvis utgöra en del av en omfattande nationell handlingsplan samt strategi i relation till det förebyggande arbetet mot extremism och våldsbejakande extremism. Trots att det alltså existerar ett flertal intressanta projekt och initiativ med potential att eventuellt kunna integreras och användas i större utsträckning är det i dagsläget både spretigt och fragmenterat – både nationellt och internationellt.Det konstateras även att det finns goda men isolerade exempel i Sverige på hur den digitala arenan kan integreras i det förebyggande arbetet, men att det samtidigt föreligger en generell avsaknad av projekt som på ett strategiskt och holistiskt sätt använder sig av just den digitala sfären. Vidare befinner sig existerande projekt fortfarande i ett tidigt skede. Svenska myndigheter bör således generellt fundera på hur man kan integrera den digitala arenan samt etablera en mer dynamisk onlinenärvaro i sitt dagliga arbete. I dagsläget är det exempelvis väldigt få myndigheter som erbjuder möjligheten till en digital dynamisk interaktion mellan myndigheter och medborgare. I framtiden kommer det dock att vara oundvikligt med en fördjupad digitaliseringsprocess.Studien påvisar även att ett flertal av de projekt som beskrivs har uppvisat olika former av framgångar – och att flera av dessa initiativ därmed skapar potentiell inspiration för lanseringen av liknande initiativ i Sverige. Det konstateras dock att det inte går att isolera ett eller ett fåtal verktyg som kan bedömas utgöra de mest optimala för att arbeta förebyggande online. Istället kan olika former av verktyg bidra med olika aspekter. Därför krävs det också en palett av olika initiativ – med olika funktioner och fokusområden. I vissa fall bör även dessa initiativ integreras i en omfattande handlingsplan och strategi.
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| 2. |
- Brenner, Björn, 1979-
(författare)
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Gaza Under Hamas : From Islamic Democracy to Islamist Governance
- 2017
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Hamas is designated a terrorist organization by Israel, the EU, the USA and the UN. It has made itself notorious for its violent radicalism and uncompromising rejection of the Jewish state. So after its victory in the 2006 elections the world was watching. How would Hamas govern? Could an Islamist group without any experience of power - and with an unwavering ideology - manage to deal with day-to-day realities on the ground? Bjorn Brenner investigates what happened after the elections and puts the spotlight on the people over whom Hamas rules, rather than on its ideas. Lodging with Palestinian families and experiencing their daily encounters with Hamas, he offers an intimate perspective of the group as seen through local eyes. The book is based on hard-to-secure interviews with a wide range of key political and security figures in the Hamas administration, as well as with military commanders and members of the feared Qassam Brigades. Brenner has also sought out those that Hamas identifies as local trouble makers: the extreme Salafi-Jihadis and members of the now more quiescent mainstream Fatah party led by Mahmoud Abbas. The book provides a new interpretation of one of the most powerful forces in the Israel-Palestine arena, arguing that the Gazan Islamists carry a potential to be much more flexible and pragmatic than anticipated - if they would think they stand to gain from it. Gaza under Hamas investigates the key challenges to Hamas's authority and reveals why and in what ways ideology comes second to power consolidation.
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| 6. |
- Gustafsson, Linus, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq : An Analysis of open-source intelligence and statistical data
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The conflict in Syria and Iraq has resulted in an increase in the number of violent Islamist extremists in Sweden, and a significant increase of people from Sweden travelling to join terrorist groups abroad. Since 2012 it is estimated that about 300 people from Sweden have travelled to Syria and Iraq to join terrorist groups such as the Islamic State (IS) and, to a lesser extent, al-Qaeda affiliated groups such as Jabhat al-Nusra. Even though the foreign fighter issue has been on the political agenda for several years and received considerable media attention, very little is known about the Swedish contingent.The purpose of this study is to examine a set of variables of the foreign fighters that have travelled from Sweden to join jihadi terrorist groups in Syria and Iraq in the period of June 2012 to September 2016. Much of the statistical data analysed have been declassified and provided by the Swedish Security Service. The variables examined are: time of travel; age; gender; geographical concentration in Sweden; citizenship and country of origin; average time spent in the conflict area; numbers of individuals killed; number of returnees; number of fighters remaining in the conflict area; social media activities; and the financing of foreign fighters. The analysis includes 267 people that are or have been residents of Sweden.36 people (first-time travellers) travelled to Syria or Iraq in 2012, 98 in 2013, 78 in 2014, 36 in 2015, and 5 in 2016. In addition, some of the foreign fighters have travelled back and forth between the conflict area and Sweden. About 80 percent are associated with IS, and more than 30 percent are associated with Jabhat al-Nusra. 76 percent of the foreign fighters are men and 24 percent are women. The amount of women has significantly changed during the period, from “a few” in 2012 to 18 percent in 2013, and constituting about 40 percent of the foreign fighters in the conflict area in 2014 and 2015.The average age of the foreign fighters is 26, and there are no significant differences between the average age of men and women. Still, there is a great variation indicating there are very young travellers but also older ones, as the age ranges in a span of 50 years. 18 percent of the travellers (45 people) are 19 or younger, while about 60 percent (154 people) are between the ages of 20 to 29. Very few people above the age of forty seem to travel. The average age does not change over the period.A majority of the foreign fighters, an estimated 80 percent, come from four of Sweden’s 21 counties – Västra Götaland, Stockholm, Skåne and Örebro. About one third of the foreign fighters are, or have been, registered in Västra Götaland County, one quarter in Stockholm County, and a tenth in Örebro County and a tenth in Skåne County. More than seventy percent have been residents of an exposed area (socially deprived areas hit by high criminality and low socioeconomic status). There is information that there have been recruiters in some of the areas, but social media may also have played a role in the mobilisation of foreign fighters.75 percent of the foreign fighters are Swedish citizens, and 34 percent are born in Sweden. There are geographical concentrations to North Africa, the Horn of Africa and the Middle East, as was seen in the 1990’s and 2000’s. There are also concentrations to the Former Yugoslavia and Russia. 38 countries are represented when analysing country of birth, and most of the foreign fighters have at least one parent with country of birth outside of Sweden.The average time spent in the conflict area is 16 months, but there is great variation where some foreign fighters have been there for only a month and others for several years. The average time spent for men is 16 months, while the average for women is 21 months.At least 49 people from Sweden have died in Syria or Iraq. All of them are men. The data shows that there are no indications that a larger group of the Swedish foreign fighters has been killed in one single battle. Not more than three people have died during a single month. About half of those who have died are from the Västra Götaland region.As of September 2016, 106 foreign fighters (40 percent) had returned to Sweden, while 112 (42 percent) were still in Syria or Iraq. It is estimated that 49 of the 267 (18 percent) have died in the conflict.
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| 9. |
- Ranstorp, Magnus, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Between Salafism and Salafi-Jihadism : Influence and Challenges for Swedish Society
- 2019
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- This study examines the influence from salafi and salafi-jihadist milieus inSweden and the interactions between these different forms. This executivesummary focuses on the evolution of salafi-jihadis milieus in Sweden andsurrounding salafi elements; messages from these milieus; their methods forinfluence and the impact on local communities in Sweden.
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| 10. |
- Ranstorp, Magnus, 1965-
(författare)
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Extremist Offender Management i Danmark
- 2020
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Ingår i: Extremist Offender Management i Europa. - London : International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation (ICSR). ; , s. 15-20
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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