| 1. |
- Marcheschi, Elizabeth, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Home setting after stroke, facilitators and barriers: a systematic literature review
- 2018
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Ingår i: Health and Social Care in the Community. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1365-2524 .- 0966-0410. ; 26:4, s. e451-e459
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper seeks to improve the understanding of the interaction between patients with stroke and the physical environment in their home settings. Stroke care is increasingly performed in the patient’s home. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to identify the existing knowledge about facilitators and barriers in the physical environment of home settings for the stroke rehabilitation process. Based upon Arksey and O’Malley’s framework, a Boolean search strategy was performed in the databases; CINAHL, Medline, Web of Science and Scopus. Fifteen articles were retained from the literature search conducted between August and November 2016, and two researchers independently assessed their quality based on the Swedish Council on Health Technology Assessment guidelines. The results suggest that despite the healthcare system’s ongoing shift towards home-based rehabilitation, the role played by the physical environment of home settings is still considered a side finding. Moreover, the research appears to focus mainly on how this environment supports mobility and activities of daily living, whereas information regarding the psychosocial and emotional processes that mediate the interaction between stroke survivors and their home setting are missing. A lack of information was also found with regard to the influence of different geographic locations on the stroke rehabilitation process. Future investigations are therefore needed to advance the understanding of the role played by the physical environment of home settings in supporting stroke recovery.
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| 2. |
- Zhang, Pei, et al.
(författare)
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Defining the Scope of Exposome Studies and Research Needs from a Multidisciplinary Perspective
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology Letters. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2328-8930. ; 8:10, s. 839-852
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of the exposome was introduced over 15 years ago to reflect the important role that the environment exerts on health and disease. While originally viewed as a call-to-arms to develop more comprehensive exposure assessment methods applicable at the individual level and throughout the life course, the scope of the exposome has now expanded to include the associated biological response. In order to explore these concepts, a workshop was hosted by the Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR, Japan) to discuss the scope of exposomics from an international and multidisciplinary perspective. This Global Perspective is a summary of the discussions with emphasis on (1) top-down, bottom-up, and functional approaches to exposomics, (2) the need for integration and standardization of LC- and GC-based high-resolution mass spectrometry methods for untargeted exposome analyses, (3) the design of an exposomics study, (4) the requirement for open science workflows including mass spectral libraries and public databases, (5) the necessity for large investments in mass spectrometry infrastructure in order to sequence the exposome, and (6) the role of the exposome in precision medicine and nutrition to create personalized environmental exposure profiles. Recommendations are made on key issues to encourage continued advancement and cooperation in exposomics.
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| 3. |
- Anund, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of driving situation on sleepiness indicators after sleep loss : A driving simulator study
- 2009
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Ingår i: Industrial Health. - : National Institute of Industrial Health. - 0019-8366 .- 1880-8026. ; 47:4, s. 393-401
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Almost all studies of sleepy driving are carried out in driving simulators and with monotonous road conditions (no interaction with other cars). The present study investigated indicators of sleepy driving in a more challenging scenario after a night awake. 17 participants drove a high fidelity moving base driving simulator experiment while sleepiness was monitored physiologically and behaviourally. Short periods of situations of free driving (no other vehicles) alternated with short periods of following another vehicle (car following) with and without the possibility to overtake. The result showed that a night of prior sleep loss increased sleepiness levels at the wheel (eye closure duration and lateral variability) compared to after a night of normal sleep. Blink duration while overtaking was significantly lower compared to the other situations, it was at the same level as after night sleep. Speed when passing a stopped school bus was not significantly affected by sleepiness. However the warning caused a more rapid reduction of speed. In conclusion, a moderately challenging driving contest did not affect sleepiness indicators, but a very challenging one did so (overtaking). This suggests that it is important to monitor the driving situation in field operational tests of sleepy driving.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Palsdottir, Vilborg, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Postnatal deficiency of essential fatty acids in mice results in resistance to diet-induced obesity and low plasma insulin during adulthood
- 2011
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Ingår i: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. - : Elsevier BV. - 1532-2823 .- 0952-3278. ; 84:3-4, s. 85-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our objective was to investigate the long-term metabolic effects of postnatal essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). Mouse dams were fed an EFAD diet or an isoenergetic control diet 4 days before delivery and throughout lactation. The pups were weaned to standard diet (STD) and were later subdivided into two groups: receiving high fat diet (HFD) or STD. Body composition, energy expenditure, food intake and leptin levels were analyzed in adult offspring. Blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were measured before and during a glucose tolerance test. EFAD offspring fed STD were leaner with lower plasma leptin and insulin concentrations compared to controls. EFAD offspring fed HFD were resistant to diet-induced obesity, had higher energy expenditure and lower levels of plasma leptin and insulin compared to controls. These results indicate that the fatty acid composition during lactation is important for body composition and glucose tolerance in the adult offspring.
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| 6. |
- Earl, Robyn, et al.
(författare)
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Visual search strategies of pedestrians with and without visual and cognitive impairments in a shared zone : A proof of concept study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Land use policy. - : Elsevier. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 57, s. 327-334
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Shared zones have gained increasing popularity in urban land use and design as a means of incorporating the needs of multiple modes of transport, while at the same time promoting social interaction between users. Interactions within shared zones are based on a set of informal social protocols, communicated via eye contact and social cues. This proof of concept study utilised eye-tracking technology to examine the visual search strategies of individuals, with and without visual and cognitive impairments as they navigated a strategically chosen shared zone. In total 3960 fixations were analysed and the fixations were distributed across the shared zone and a pedestrian crossing. Those with impairments were more likely to fixate on traffic specific areas and objects compared to those without, suggesting that they required more input ascertaining when and where it was safe to perform tasks. However, the duration of fixation was not significantly different for an object whether it was traffic related or not, indicating a global need for increased processing time of the surrounding environment. Shared zones are claimed to increase driver awareness and safety and reduce congestion, but the implications on participation and safety for those with visual and cognitive impairments is yet to be extensively explored.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Ahlström, Christer, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of driver sleepiness on fixation-related brain potentials
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Sleep Research. - : Wiley. - 0962-1105 .- 1365-2869. ; 29:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of driver sleepiness are often quantified as deteriorated driving performance, increased blink durations and high levels of subjective sleepiness. Driver sleepiness has also been associated with increasing levels of electroencephalogram (EEG) power, especially in the alpha range. The present exploratory study investigated a new measure of driver sleepiness, the EEG fixation-related lambda response. Thirty young male drivers (23.6 +/- 1.7 years old) participated in a driving simulator experiment in which they drove on rural and suburban roads in simulated daylight versus darkness during both the daytime (full sleep) and night-time (sleep deprived). The results show lower lambda responses during night driving and with longer time on task, indicating that sleep deprivation and time on task cause a general decrement in cortical responsiveness to incoming visual stimuli. Levels of subjective sleepiness and line crossings were higher under the same conditions. Furthermore, results of a linear mixed-effects model showed that low lambda responses are associated with high subjective sleepiness and more line crossings. We suggest that the fixation-related lambda response can be used to investigate driving impairment induced by sleep deprivation while driving and that, after further refinement, it may be useful as an objective measure of driver sleepiness.
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| 9. |
- Asp, Filip, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of Simulated and Profound Unilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss on Recognition of Speech in Competing Speech
- 2020
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Ingår i: Ear and Hearing. - 1538-4667 .- 0196-0202. ; 41:2, s. 411-419
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: Unilateral hearing loss (UHL) is a condition as common as bilateral hearing loss in adults. Because of the unilaterally reduced audibility associated with UHL, binaural processing of sounds may be disrupted. As a consequence, daily tasks such as listening to speech in a background of spatially distinct competing sounds may be challenging. A growing body of subjective and objective data suggests that spatial hearing is negatively affected by UHL. However, the type and degree of UHL vary considerably in previous studies. The aim here was to determine the effect of a profound sensorineural UHL, and of a simulated UHL, on recognition of speech in competing speech, and the binaural and monaural contributions to spatial release from masking, in a demanding multisource listening environment. DESIGN: Nine subjects (25 to 61 years) with profound sensorineural UHL [mean pure-tone average (PTA) across 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz = 105 dB HL] and normal contralateral hearing (mean PTA = 7.2 dB HL) were included based on the criterion that the target and competing speech were inaudible in the ear with hearing loss. Thirteen subjects with normal hearing (19 to 60 years; mean left PTA = 4.1 dB HL; mean right PTA = 5.5 dB HL) contributed data in normal and simulated "mild-to-moderate" UHL conditions (PTA = 38.6 dB HL). The main outcome measure was the threshold for 40% correct speech recognition in colocated (0°) and spatially and symmetrically separated (±30° and ±150°) competing speech conditions. Spatial release from masking was quantified as the threshold difference between colocated and separated conditions. RESULTS: Thresholds in profound UHL were higher (worse) than normal hearing in separated and colocated conditions, and comparable to simulated UHL. Monaural spatial release from masking, that is, the spatial release achieved by subjects with profound UHL, was significantly different from zero and 49% of the magnitude of the spatial release from masking achieved by subjects with normal hearing. There were subjects with profound UHL who showed negative spatial release, whereas subjects with normal hearing consistently showed positive spatial release from masking in the normal condition. The simulated UHL had a larger effect on the speech recognition threshold for separated than for colocated conditions, resulting in decreased spatial release from masking. The difference in spatial release between normal-hearing and simulated UHL conditions increased with age. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that while recognition of speech in colocated and separated competing speech is impaired for profound sensorineural UHL, spatial release from masking may be possible when competing speech is symmetrically distributed around the listener. A "mild-to-moderate" simulated UHL decreases spatial release from masking compared with normal-hearing conditions and interacts with age, indicating that small amounts of residual hearing in the UHL ear may be more beneficial for separated than for colocated interferer conditions for young listeners.
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| 10. |
- Asp, Filip, et al.
(författare)
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Horizontal sound localisation accuracy in individuals with conductive hearing loss: effect of the bone conduction implant
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Audiology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1499-2027 .- 1708-8186. ; 57:9, s. 657-664
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The objective of this study is to quantify the effect of the Bone Conduction Implant (BCI) on sound localisation accuracy in subjects with conductive hearing loss (CHL). Design: The subjects were tested in a horizontal sound localisation task in which localisation responses were objectively obtained by eye-tracking, in a prospective, cross-sectional design. The tests were performed unaided and unilaterally aided. The stimulus used had a spectrum similar to female speech and was presented at 63 and 73 dB SPL. The main outcome measure was the error index (EI), ranging from 0 to 1 (perfect to random performance). Study sample: Eleven subjects (aged 21–75 years, five females) with BCI participated in the study. Their mixed/conductive hearing loss was either unilateral (n = 5) or bilateral (n = 6). Results: Three of five subjects (60%) with unilateral CHL, and four of six subjects (67%) with bilateral CHL showed significantly improved sound localisation when using a unilateral BCI (p <.05). For the subjects with bilateral CHL, a distinct linear relation between aided sound localisation and hearing thresholds in the non-implant ear existed at 73 dB SPL (18% decrease in the EI per 10 dB decrease in pure-tone average, r = 0.98, p <.001). Conclusions: Individuals with mixed/conductive hearing loss may benefit from a unilateral BCI in sound localisation.
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