| 1. |
- Lindberg, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Boundary dimensions of social innovation : negotiating conflicts and compatibilities when developing a national agenda
- 2017
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Ingår i: Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1351-1610 .- 1469-8412. ; 30:2, s. 168-181
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to add to the existing knowledge on the complex institutional dynamics of negotiating conflicts and compatibilities in innovation processes that address societal challenges and social needs, this article scrutinizes the scientific and societal debate on the theoretical and practical application of “social innovation” by means of the concept “boundary object” linked to institutional theory. A participatory case study of the development of an R&I agenda for social innovation in Sweden, formulated through dialog between stakeholders from the public, private and non-profit sectors, is presented. The results show that the unpredictable, emergent, evolving and adaptable character of needs, challenges and solutions in social innovation processes is made more theoretically and practically manageable by acknowledging social innovation as a boundary object. This is since this concept, despite its ambiguous character, helps balance complexity and usefulness in a way that serves to expand existing knowledge on institutional dynamics.
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| 2. |
- Kircher, Katja, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Train driver attention is influenced by the type of railway signalling system
- 2022
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Ingår i: DDI 2022 Gothenburg. - Göteborg : Safer. ; , s. 50-52
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) will replace national standards with the aim to promote cross-border traffic and enhance efficiency. The transition involves a shift from lineside signalling to mostly in- cabin information via a Driver Machine Interface (DMI). Previous research indicates that this may lead to a decrease in driver attention to the outside world and to a decrease in workload, leading to boredom. Using a train simulator, 41 participants drove the same track with the ERTMS system and the Swedish national standard (ATC) while wearing eye- tracking equipment. Subjective workload and boredom assessments were made after each drive. An analysis of the first set of reduced data (15 participants) showed that the formal attentional requirements like the monitoring of speed changes and signals were fulfilled in almost all cases, regardless of system. Overall, however, the data indicate that in line with previous research the drivers focus their attention more to the inside of the train when using the ERTMS system. This is corroborated by the finding that horn blowing is slightly delayed with the ERTMS system. Perceived workload was generally low, with the ERTMS system experienced to be more boring. We draw the preliminary conclusion that while formal attentional requirements are fulfilled for both systems, the ERTMS system likely has a tendency to pull the drivers’ overall attention inwards. Given that for the ERTMS system most relevant information is presented inside of the train on the DMI, this is not surprising, but needs to be addressed by the authorities.
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| 3. |
- Olsson, Niklas, 1982-
(författare)
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A validation study comparing performance in a low-fidelity train-driving simulator with actual train driving performance
- 2023
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 97, s. 109-122
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Although common in other industries, such as the automotive sector, no train-driving validation study has been found in the existing literature. The present paper intends to fill that gap by comparing the results of train-driving performance in a physically low-fidelity but highly functional simulator with real train-driving performance.Method: Thirty-four train driver students in the final part of their basic education were assessed in a 45-minute simulator test using the number of driving errors as the performance indicator. The results were compared with the performance at 11 weeks of internship as measured by supervisors grading according to a standard procedure. One of the classes (17 to-be drivers) was affected by restrictions related to COVID-19, which led to a shortened internship and distance learning during parts of the internship. The study also intended to measure the effect of the restrictions and the types of errors the drivers made by comparing the two classes.Results: A significant correlation was found between the number of driving errors and internship grades, r = −0.45, p <.05. The results also revealed that COVID-19 restrictions negatively affected performance, as the students from Class B made significantly more driving errors and obtained a lower internship grade than those from Class A.Conclusions: This paper shows that this type of low-fidelity simulator is well suited for measuring real train-driving performance. A measurement method that can predict long-term driving should have implications for both research and practical usability. Researchers can use this for studying the effects of, for example, different training methods, while train operation companies can use the method to test their drivers' skills and intervene before an actual accident occurs.
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| 4. |
- Olsson, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Train-Driving Simulator Practice in the European Rail Traffic Management System: An Experimental Study
- 2023
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Record. - : Sage Publications. - 0361-1981 .- 2169-4052. ; 2677:5, s. 694-706
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many European train drivers face major changes in their work with the introduction of the new train-protection system, the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS), as information retrieval shifts from outside to in-cab, and a new rulebook is introduced. Therefore, many train drivers have to be educated in a short time, to make the transition safe and efficient. The purpose was to find out how a successful ERTMS practice can be designed in a physically low-fidelity but highly functional train-driving simulator. An experimental design was used, with 16 drivers divided into two groups: one group practiced in a simulator, and the other in reality. Standard training methodology was used, and the learning outcome was assessed by both measuring driving errors and via instructor evaluation of a simulator test. The drivers also filled in a questionnaire to capture how different factors, such as repeated practice, experience, and self-estimated confidence, correlate with performance. Results show that the simulator group committed significantly fewer driving errors and received significantly higher scores from the instructor. In addition, the simulator group's better performance is mostly caused by the possibility of repeated training of different special cases. The findings also imply that several of the more common special cases on the ERTMS can hardly be provoked in real train driving. Furthermore, this work strengthens the theory that novices can hardly estimate their own ability. Therefore, we argue that this type of low-fidelity simulator is well suited for research purposes, for practicing special cases, and for train operation companies to assess drivers’ skills.
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| 5. |
- Olsson, Niklas, 1982-
(författare)
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ERTMS-utbildning i simulatormiljö : Framgångsfaktorer för en effektiv utbildning
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Införandet av det nya signal- och tågskyddssystemet ERTMS (European Rail Traffic Management System) syftar bland annat till förenklad trafikledning och till att underlätta för gränsöverskridande tågtrafik i Europa. För att klara övergången behöver aktörerna närmast inblandade i den dagliga tågföringen ha tillräcklig kunskap och kompetens för att utnyttja systemets fördelar utan att riskera trafiksäkerheten. Tågförare och tågklarerare står därför inför stora utmaningar med kommande driftsättningar av ERTMS, med Malmbanan 2023, Västerdalsbanan 2025 och Södra stambanan (ScanMed ost) 2026 närmast i tiden. Vid framförallt driftsättningen av ScanMed ost uppstår ett akut logistiskt problem avseende möjligheten att, för en stor mängd förare, öva praktiskt då ERTMS[1]utrustade banor och fordon inte finns tillgängliga i geografisk närhet. I Sverige används, sedan några år tillbaka, en portabel tågsimulator (PC med pekskärm och en körspak som kopplas till extern skärm) i stor skala vid utbildning av tågförare. Den här studien syftade till att ta reda på hur utbildning för tågförare och tågklarerare i en sådan simulator kan utformas för att skapa förutsättningar för effektiva och trafiksäkra framtida driftsättningar av ERTMS. Förarstudien genomfördes via ett experiment där 16 förare från samma operatör delades in i två grupper varav hälften genomförde sin praktik i simulatormiljö och hälften i verkligheten enligt vedertagen metodik. Efter avslutad praktik genomförde förarna ett individuellt simulatortest där prestationen bedömdes dels genom en objektiv mätmetod över antalet fel, dels via en subjektiv instruktörsbedömning.Resultatet visar att praktisk utbildning i simulatormiljö är effektivare än praktik i verkligheten där möjligheten till repetition av olika särfallssituationer är den viktigaste faktorn för att utbilda effektiva och trafiksäkra förare. Tågklarerarna fick se, diskutera och, via en enkät, utvärdera tre filmer på förare som hanterade olika särfallssituationer i simulatormiljö. Resultatet indikerar att utbildningsmetoden kan vara nyttig för framförallt tågklarerare utan tidigare erfarenhet av ERTMS
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| 6. |
- Olsson, Niklas, 1982-
(författare)
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Simulatorutbildning för en robustare järnväg : Studie av tågförares praktiska hantering av kontaktledningsanläggningen
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Nedrivna och skadade kontaktledningar leder till stora kostnader för Sveriges skattebetalare, tågresenärer och fraktbolag. Ungefär hälften av de nedrivna kontaktledningarna där trafikutövarna är inblandade (knappt 600 förseningstimmar) är möjliga att förhindra med bättre utbildade tågförare och tågsättsklargörare. Det här projektet syftade till att, i simulatormiljö, studera hur tågförare hanterar kontaktledningsanläggningen i situationer med olika komplexitet, vilken effekt erfarenhet och övning har på den praktiska kunskapen liksom hur ett teoretiskt utbildningsmaterial kan bidra till ökad kunskap om anläggningen. Totalt deltog 49 förarelever i slutet av sin utbildning och 8 erfarna förare i en simulatorstudie där de skulle hantera tavlor kopplade till kontaktledningsanläggningen i situationer med olika svårighetsgrad.Resultatet visar att förarnoviser liksom erfarna förare hanterar tavlor utmed linjen utan distraktion med låg felprocent men där framförallt noviserna ofta glömmer den utvändiga miljön (tavlorna) när man distraheras av exempelvis ett larmande tågskyddssystem. En upprepad mätning indikerar att förarna hanterar likadana situationer något bättre efter repetition medan ingen förbättring uppmättes gällande hanteringen av liknande situationer.Resultatet åskådliggör nyttan med projektet där förarträning i simulatormiljö tillsammans med det kompletterande utbildningsmaterialet sannolikt kan bidra till en robustare järnvägsanläggning med färre förseningar och minskade kostnader som följd.
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| 7. |
- Olsson, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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The practical part of train driver education: experience, expectations, and possibilities
- 2021
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Ingår i: European Transport Research Review. - : Springer Nature. - 1867-0717 .- 1866-8887. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ObjectivesThe internship period of the Swedish train driver education was examined in terms of which types of situations can be sufficiently encountered in order to develop expertise to handle them safely and efficiently, and to quantify and specify the gap in expertise between expert and novice drivers in terms of risk of error and time efficiency. Focus was on special cases (i.e., situations that occur rarely but may cause severe accidents if not handled correctly and efficiently).MethodologyData on which situations and special cases a driver's student can be expected to experience during the internship period were collected via a web-based questionnaire. Also, ratings of expectations on novice and expert drivers were obtained from train driver educators, employers, and instructors with the purpose of comparing the expectations with the novices practical experience.Results and conclusionsThe main results suggest that many special cases are generally insufficiently practiced during the internship and therefore should be practiced in simulators; that both experienced and novice drivers prioritize safety over efficiency; and that expectations on novice drivers are realistic considering their limited professional expertise.
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| 8. |
- Vogel, Katja, et al.
(författare)
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Traffic sense : which factors influence the ability to predict the development of traffic scenes?
- 2003
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 35:5, s. 749-762
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A study was conducted to evaluate the skill to predict the development of traffic situations. A stop-controlled intersection was filmed over several days, and 12 scenes with varying traffic complexity were selected. In half of the scenes, the traffic rules were violated, in half of the scenes, the rules were observed. A total of 36 participants were asked to watch the scenes and predict how the scene would most likely develop in the 2 s after the film was paused. Additionally, the participants rated how certain they were about their prediction, and how complex and dangerous they assessed the scenes to be. With the method used here, experienced drivers were not found to make more correct predictions of situational development, and no difference in skill to predict could be found between genders. Nevertheless, more experienced drivers were more certain in their judgements and evaluated the situations on average as less complex and dangerous than did less experienced drivers. Scenes in which the traffic rules were violated were more difficult to predict correctly. The scenes in which the participants predicted violations were rated as more complex and dangerous. It is concluded that the low-cost method used here is more useful for examining which scenes are generally easy or difficult to predict and how they are experienced subjectively than to investigate differences in performance for different driver categories.
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