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- Diesen, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Likhet inför lagen
- 2005
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Principen om likhet inför lagen är djupt rotad i Sverige, både i det allmänna medvetandet och i lagstiftningens grundprinciper. Men hur fungerar det i praktiken? Är det acceptabelt att tillämpningen skiljer sig mellan stad och land, att domarens kön spelar roll eller att faktorer som kön, klass och etnicitet får avgörande betydelse för rättsprocessens utgång? Slutsatserna i Likhet inför lagen bygger på tusentals faktiska domar och är den första större studien som belyser den pågående strukturella diskrimineringen inom rättsväsendet. I inledningskapitlet presenterar jur. dr Claes Lernestedt en historisk och rättsfilosofisk översikt av principen om likhet inför lagen. Sedan följer en genomgång av kriminologisk forskning om institutionell diskriminering av personer med utländsk bakgrund sammanställd av fil. dr Tove Pettersson. Professor Christian Diesen redogör för tidigare opublicerade forskningsrapporter som visar på såväl negativ särbehandling av invandrare, barn, kvinnor, handikappade och homosexuella som positiv särbehandling av direktörer, poliser och advokater. Fil. dr Torun Lindholm presenterar avslutningsvis internationella och egna socialpsykologiska rön när det gäller fördomar och omedveten diskriminering.
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- Bäck, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Attributional biases about the origins of preferences in a group-decision situation.
- 2007
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Attributional bias between groups has been shown to exist when group-boundaries are composed of attitudes that are self-defining (Kenworthy & Miller, 2002). We wanted to see if attributional bias between groups would exist when the attitude issue separating the groups was not self-defining. Further, we wanted to see whether a decision of the issue would affect attributional bias. This was done in an experiment where participants, high-school students, read about a hypothetical situation where a decision was to be made. The decision would affect the school’s students, but was not considered self-defining. The participants stated their preferred outcome of the decision. Outcome was manipulated to be either concordant or discordant with participants´ preferences. Further, decision-making form varied so that in one condition, participants were informed that in-group authorities (student representatives) had made the final decision, and in the other condition, the decision was made by out-group authorities (the principal and teachers). Results showed that attributional bias was present when attitude issue was not self-defining. When outcome supported preferred alternative, attributional bias was stronger. Being part of the winning side, that is the high-status group, provides self-validation and increases self-esteem (Tyler, 1994 ). This interpretation is supported by further analysis showing that high self-esteem was related to more attributional bias. Attributional bias was stronger when the decision was made by in-group authorities as compared to out-group authorities. When in-group members make a decision, attributional bias may increase as a function of in-group identification, which provides information about self-worth (Smith & Tyler, 1997).
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- Hirvikoski, Tatja, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive functions in children at risk for congenital adrenal hyperplasia treated prenatally with dexamethasone
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. - : The Endocrine Society. - 0021-972X .- 1945-7197. ; 92:2, s. 542-548
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context and Objective: In Sweden, from 1985 through 1995, 40 fetuses at risk for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) were treated with dexamethasone (DEX) to prevent virilization of affected females. We report long-term effects on neuropsychological functions and scholastic performance of this controversial treatment. Design and Patients: Prenatally treated children, 7 to 17 yr old, were assessed with standardized neuropsychological tests (A Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment and Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children) and child-completed questionnaires measuring self-perceived scholastic competence (Self-Perception Profile for Children). A parent-completed questionnaire (Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 School Scale) was used to evaluate whether the treatment had any impact on the children's school performance. In addition, a child-completed questionnaire measuring social anxiety (The Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised) was completed by the prenatally treated children aged 8 to 17 yr (n = 21) and age- and sex-matched controls (n = 26). Results: Of 40 DEX-treated children, 26 (median age, 11 yr) participated in the study. Thirty-five sex- and age- matched healthy children were controls. There were no between-group differences concerning psychometric intelligence, measures of cerebral lateralization, memory encoding, and long-term memory. Short-term treated, CAH-unaffected children performed poorer than the control group on a test assessing verbal working memory (P = 0.003), and they rated lower on a questionnaire assessing self-perception of scholastic competence (P = 0.003). This group also showed increased self-rated social anxiety assessed by The Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised (P = 0.026). Prenatally treated, CAH-affected children performed poorer than controls on tests measuring verbal processing speed, although this difference disappeared when controlling for the child's full-scale IQ. Conclusions: This study indicates that prenatal DEX treatment is associated with previously not described long-term effects on verbal working memory and on certain aspects of self-perception that could be related to poorer verbal working memory. These findings may thus question future DEX treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Therefore, we encourage additional retrospective studies of larger cohorts to either confirm or challenge the present findings.
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- Lindholm, Torun, et al.
(författare)
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Decision-making in large groups: Group membership and post-decision consolidation
- 2007
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Ingår i: Society for Personality and Social Psychology. ; , s. 299-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research has shown that people in decision situations tend to change the psychological attractiveness of the decision alternatives in favour of their own preferred alternative after the decision has been made. The function of this consolidation is to create a decision that can withstand future threats against its optimality (Svenson, 1992; 1996). Consolidation processes have primarily been studied in individual decision situations. Less attention has been paid to such processes in group decision making. The aim of the current research was to study how different forms of decision making in large groups affected consolidation among individual group members. In two experiments, high-school students read a vignette about a hypothetical decision situation in their school. In one condition, participants were informed that the final decision was made by out-group authorities (the principal and the teachers), and in the other that in-group authorities (student representatives) made the decision. Participants indicated their own preferred decision alternative, and rated the attractiveness of the different alternatives before and after they received information about the final decision. Results showed that the decision procedure was perceived as more fair when made by in-group, as compared to out-group authorities. However, with in-group authorities, participants also showed a stronger tendency to consolidate their own preferred alternative. This tendency was particularly strong when the in-group authority had chosen another alternative than the one participants preferred. Consolidation may increase in in-group contexts because decisions by in-group members can provide people with important self-validation, and therefore the decision becomes more personally involving.
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- Lindholm, Torun
(författare)
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Group-based biases and validity in eyewitness credibility judgments : Examining effects of witness ethnicity and presentation modality.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Social Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0021-9029 .- 1559-1816. ; 35:7, s. 1474-1501
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To study how witness ethnicity and testimony presentation mode affected judgments of eyewitness credibility, testimonies from 6 immigrant and 6 Swedish accuracy-matched witnesses to a crime were presented to Swedish fact finders (N = 120) in videotape or as a transcript. Results showed that witnesses were perceived as more credible in the visual as compared to the written medium. Moreover, witness ethnicity affected judgments differentially depending on presentation mode for fact finders high in prejudice toward immigrants. Results also revealed that fact finders' judgments corresponded with the self-reported confidence of Swedish, but not immigrant witnesses and that in the transcript condition, judgmental validity was lower in estimates of Swedes' as compared to immigrants' accuracy. The findings indicate that presentation mode can function as a moderator of group-based effects in social judgments, and that both psychological theory and judicial systems need to consider thoroughly how different stimulus presentations compare in terms of the impact on perceivers.
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