| 1. |
- Pendrill, Leslie, et al.
(författare)
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Psychometric measurement and decision-making of accessibilityin public transport for older persons with functional limitations
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vulnerable travellers face challenges in the transport environment potentially leading to decreased mobility. A research goal is to find out how to improve railway accessibility by reducing barriers for persons with functional limitations. A method for measuring accessibility has earlier been developed where travel barriers are assigned different weights based on persons’ functional ability and travel behaviour. The more weight placed on a certain barrier, the less accessible and thus less probable a particular journey will be. In the present work, these travel-barrier weights are analysed psychometrically based on the replies to questions about ease or difficulty of accessing travel with various barriers in responses given by 162 older long-distance travellers. An invariant measure theory approach (Rasch) is employed that allows (i) transformation of ordinal questionnaire data onto a quantitative interval scale; and (ii) separate measures of barrier level of challenge and person capability. A principal component analysis revealed three main clusters: 1) mainly ergonomically related questions; 2) mainly informational/cognitive; while cluster 3) is a mix of these two. Correlations are investigated between perceived accessibility and functional ability, and between person capability and functional ability. Independent sources of measurement uncertainty (e.g. under-estimation of scores) are distinguished from separate estimates of task challenge and individual travel capability. These independent sources are accounted for in estimates of reliability and validity of the various measures.
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| 2. |
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Measurement with persons : Theory, methods and implementation areas
- 2011. - 1
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Measurements with persons are those in which human perception and interpretation are used for measuring complex, holistic quantities and qualities, which are perceived by the human brain and mind. Providing means for reproducible measurement of parameters such as pleasure and pain has important implications in evaluating all kinds of products, services and conditions. This book inaugurates a new era for this subject: a multi- and inter-disciplinary volume in which world-renowned scientists from the psychological, physical, biological, and social sciences reach a common understanding of measurement theory and methods. In the first section, generic theoretical and methodological issues are treated, including the perceptual basis of measurement in the various fields involved; the development of formal, representational, and probabilistic theories; the approach to experimentation; and the theories, models and methods for multidimensional problems. In the second section, several implementation areas are presented, including sound, visual, skin , and odor perception, functional brain imaging, body language and emotions , and, finally the use of measurements in decision making. The book covers topics relevant to a range of sciences, including general psychology and psychophysics, measurement theory, metrology and instrumentation, neurophysiology, engineering, biology and chemistry.
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| 3. |
- Pendrill, Leslie, et al.
(författare)
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Measurement with Persons : a European Network
- 2010
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Ingår i: Measure. ; 5:2, s. 42-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The European ‘Measuring the Impossible’ Network MINET promotes new research activities in measurement dependent on human perception and/or interpretation. This includes the perceived attributes of products and services, such as quality or desirability, and societal parameters such as security and well-being. Work has aimed at consensus about four ‘generic’ metrological issues: (1) Measurement Concepts & Terminology; (2) Measurement Techniques: (3) Measurement Uncertainty; and (4) Decision-making & Impact Assessment, and how these can be applied specifically to the ‘Measurement of Persons’ in terms of ‘Man as a Measurement Instrument’ and ‘Measuring Man.’ Some of the main achievements of MINET include a research repository with glossary; training course; book; series of workshops; think tanks and study visits, which have brought together a unique constellation of researchers from physics, metrology, physiology, psychophysics, psychology and sociology. Metrology (quality-assured measurement) in this area is relatively underdeveloped, despite great potential for innovation, and extends beyond traditional physiological metrology in that it also deals with measurement with all human senses as well as mental and behavioral processes. This is particularly relevant in applications where humans are an important component of critical systems, where for instance health and safety are at stake.
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| 4. |
- Skedung, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Feeling small : Exploring the Tactile Perception Limits
- 2013
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 3, s. 2617-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The human finger is exquisitely sensitive in perceiving different materials, but the question remains as to what length scales are capable of being distinguished in active touch. We combine material science with psychophysics to manufacture and haptically explore a series of topographically patterned surfaces of controlled wavelength, but identical chemistry. Strain-induced surface wrinkling and subsequent templating produced 16 surfaces with wrinkle wavelengths ranging from 300 nm to 90 mu m and amplitudes between 7 nm and 4.5 mu m. Perceived similarities of these surfaces (and two blanks) were pairwise scaled by participants, and interdistances among all stimuli were determined by individual differences scaling (INDSCAL). The tactile space thus generated and its two perceptual dimensions were directly linked to surface physical properties - the finger friction coefficient and the wrinkle wavelength. Finally, the lowest amplitude of the wrinkles so distinguished was approximately 10 nm, demonstrating that human tactile discrimination extends to the nanoscale.
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| 5. |
- Skedung, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Tactile perception : Finger friction, surface roughness and perceived coarseness
- 2011
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Ingår i: Tribology International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-679X .- 1879-2464. ; 44:5, s. 505-512
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Finger friction measurements performed on a series of printing papers are evaluated to determine representativeness of a single individual. Results show occasionally large variations in friction coefficients. Noteworthy though is that the trends in friction coefficients are the same, where coated (smoother) papers display higher friction coefficients than uncoated (rougher) papers. The present study also examined the relationship between the measured friction coefficients and surface roughness to the perceived coarseness of the papers. It was found that both roughness and finger friction can be related to perceived coarseness, where group data show that perceived coarseness increases with increasing roughness.
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| 6. |
- Sundling, Catherine, et al.
(författare)
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New perspective on the accessibility of railway transport for the vulnerable traveller
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics, Conference Series. - : IOP Publishing. - 1742-6588 .- 1742-6596. ; 459:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vulnerable travellers experience various problems in the transport environment. These may reduce public travel confidence and consequently lead to decreased mobility. A goal of our research is to find out how to improve the accessibility to railway travelling, especially, for persons with functional limitations. By reducing barriers, the ability of travelling would be improved, and consequently allow for more flexible travel behaviors. In order to develop a model and a method of measurement for accessibility, we (a) constructed a reference group of representative ‘typical older persons’ (65-85 years) from questionnaire data, and (b) developed an accessibility measure for persons with functional limitations. In this measure barriers have different weights for the different persons depending on their functional ability and travel behavior. This gives the probability of facing a certain barrier when travelling to a certain destination; that is, a measure of accessibility for the individual. The more weight placed on a certain barrier, the less probable it is that the particular journey will take place. These weights will be obtained in forthcoming research on the perception of a set of various travel scenarios representing barriers.
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| 7. |
- Sundling, Catherine, et al.
(författare)
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Overall Accessibility to Traveling by Rail for the Elderly with and without Functional Limitations : The Whole-Trip Perspective
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 11:12, s. 12938-12968
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Elderly persons’ perceived accessibility to railway traveling depends on their functional limitations/diseases, their functional abilities and their travel behaviors in interaction with the barriers encountered during whole trips. A survey was conducted on a random sample of 1000 city residents (65–85 years old; 57% response rate). The travels were perceived least accessible by respondents with severely reduced functional ability and by those with more than one functional limitation/disease (e.g., restricted mobility and chronic pain). Those who traveled “often”, perceived the accessibility to be better than those who traveled less frequently. For travelers with high functional ability, the main barriers to more frequent traveling were travel costs and low punctuality. For those with low functional ability, one’s own health was reported to be the main barrier. Our results clarify the links among existing functional limitations/functional abilities, the barriers encountered, the travel behavior, and the overall accessibility to traveling. By operationalizing the whole-trip concept as a chain of events, we deliver practical knowledge on vulnerable groups for decision-making to improve the transport environment for all.
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| 8. |
- Sundling, Catherine, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Travel behaviour change in old age : the role of critical incidents in public transport
- 2016
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Ingår i: European Journal of Ageing. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1613-9372 .- 1613-9380. ; 13:1, s. 75-83
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Older people’s travel behaviour is affected by negative or positive critical incidents in the public transport environment. With the objective of identifying such incidents during whole trips and examining how travel behaviour had changed, we have conducted in-depth interviews with 30 participants aged 65–91 years in the County of Stockholm, Sweden. Out of 469 incidents identified, 77 were reported to have resulted in travel behaviour change, 67 of them in a negative way. Most critical incidents were encountered in the physical environment on-board vehicles and at stations/stops as well as in pricing/ticketing. The findings show that more personal assistance, better driving behaviour, and swift maintenance of elevators and escalators are key facilitators that would improve predictability in travelling and enhance vulnerable older travellers’ feeling of security. The results demonstrate the benefit of involving different groups of end users in future planning and design, such that transport systems would meet the various needs of its end users.
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| 9. |
- Sundling, Catherine, et al.
(författare)
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Two models of accessibility to railway traveling for vulnerable, elderly persons
- 2015
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Ingår i: Measurement. - : Elsevier BV. - 0263-2241 .- 1873-412X. ; 72, s. 96-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Public transport mobility is restricted for the vulnerable travelers, e.g., those with functional limitations. By removing barriers, a more flexible and independent travel behavior is accomplished. For whole-trip traveling, we model accessibility as a three-way reciprocal relationship among travelers' functional ability, barriers met and resulting travel behaviors. For every journey and destination, an accessibility measure is constructed from all barriers' weights and the probabilities of encountering each of them in traveling to specific destinations. The accessibility to whole-trip traveling is then modeled by travelers' individual weightings of sets of barriers and the probabilities of encountering them. By using specific reference values, as in master scaling, we estimate the measurement error for each participant's perceived effort to overcome a certain barrier, and thus obtain a calibrated measure of accessibility. We conclude that customized abatement procedures must accomplish better accessibility for all, especially for the vulnerable travelers.
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