| 1. |
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Rättvist resande? Villkor, utmaningar och visioner för samhällsplaneringen
- 2023
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Att styra framtidens resande i en rättvis och hållbar riktning framstår idag som alltmer akut. Trots en ökad medvetenhet om hur djupt orättvisa vardagslivets resor kan vara tycks just rättvisa transporter vara särskilt svåra att uppnå – i synnerhet för vissa grupper. Hur drabbas unga i Norrlands inland när bränslepriserna ökar? Vilka möjligheter har egentligen barn att påverka sitt vardagsresande? Hur kan ett bostadsområdes närhet spela roll för jämställdheten? Varför kommer inte samtidens och framtidens transportlösningar alla till gagn? För att anta utmaningen att styra mot rättvist resande krävs både kunskap och visioner, vilket kan vara utmanande att omsätta i planering och praktik. Vi hoppas att den här boken kan ge inspiration och handfasta råd till dem som efterfrågar mer kunskap om hur rättvisa hänger ihop med vardagsresandet. I antologin introduceras tio bidrag med fokus på hur resande, mobilitet och tillgänglighet kan förstås, forskas om, och planeras för – ur ett rättviseperspektiv.Författarna har bland annat bakgrund i genusvetenskap, socialt arbete, statsvetenskap, kulturgeografi, historia, psykologi och barn- och ungdomsvetenskap.
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| 2. |
- Anund, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of driving situation on sleepiness indicators after sleep loss : A driving simulator study
- 2009
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Ingår i: Industrial Health. - : National Institute of Industrial Health. - 0019-8366 .- 1880-8026. ; 47:4, s. 393-401
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Almost all studies of sleepy driving are carried out in driving simulators and with monotonous road conditions (no interaction with other cars). The present study investigated indicators of sleepy driving in a more challenging scenario after a night awake. 17 participants drove a high fidelity moving base driving simulator experiment while sleepiness was monitored physiologically and behaviourally. Short periods of situations of free driving (no other vehicles) alternated with short periods of following another vehicle (car following) with and without the possibility to overtake. The result showed that a night of prior sleep loss increased sleepiness levels at the wheel (eye closure duration and lateral variability) compared to after a night of normal sleep. Blink duration while overtaking was significantly lower compared to the other situations, it was at the same level as after night sleep. Speed when passing a stopped school bus was not significantly affected by sleepiness. However the warning caused a more rapid reduction of speed. In conclusion, a moderately challenging driving contest did not affect sleepiness indicators, but a very challenging one did so (overtaking). This suggests that it is important to monitor the driving situation in field operational tests of sleepy driving.
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| 3. |
- Ahlström, Christer, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of the road environment on the development of driver sleepiness in young male drivers
- 2018
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 112, s. 127-134
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Latent driver sleepiness may in some cases be masked by for example social interaction, stress and physical activity. This short-term modulation of sleepiness may also result from environmental factors, such as when driving in stimulating environments. The aim of this study is to compare two road environments and investigate how they affect driver sleepiness. Thirty young male drivers participated in a driving simulator experiment where they drove two scenarios: a rural environment with winding roads and low traffic density, and a suburban road with higher traffic density and a more built-up roadside environment. The driving task was essentially the same in both scenarios, i.e. to stay on the road, without much interaction with other road users. A 2 x 2 design, with the conditions rural versus suburban, and daytime (full sleep) versus night-time (sleep deprived), was used. The results show that there were only minor effects of the road environment on subjective and physiological indicators of sleepiness. In contrast, there was an increase in subjective sleepiness, longer blink durations and increased EEG alpha content, both due to time on task and to night-time driving. The two road environments differed both in terms of the demand on driver action and of visual load, and the results indicate that action demand is the more important of the two factors. The notion that driver fatigue should be countered in a more stimulating visual environment such as in the city is thus more likely due to increased task demand rather than to a richer visual scenery. This should be investigated in further studies.
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| 4. |
- Henriksson, Malin, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Familjers vardagsmobilitet i ”socialt utsatta områden” : Konsekvenser för välfärd, rättvisa och hållbarhet
- 2024
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rapporten syftar till att beskriva fynden i ett forskningsprojekt om familjers vardagsmobilitet i ”socialt utsatta” områden. I studien ingår 71 individer från 31 familjer vars vardagsmobilitet har undersökts kvalitativt.Forskningsdeltagarnas bostadsområden, med närhet till samhällsservice och kollektivtrafik och väl utbyggd gång- och cykelinfrastruktur, ger goda grundläggande förutsättningar för vardagens resande. Många av familjerna har knappa ekonomiska och tidsmässiga vardagsliv med många förpliktelser, ofta bundna i tid och rum. Bussen är det vanligaste färdmedlet, med betungande arbetsresor och omsorgsresor för vuxna, framför allt för mödrar. De höga priserna begränsar möjligheten att åka buss, särskilt för ungdomarna. Gång spelar också en betydande roll. Bilen är central för många familjer eftersom den möjliggör snabba resor i vardagen och är ett sätt att visa och utöva omsorg på. Oftast är det männen som kör. I flera hushåll saknas bil och körkort. Även om några cyklar i vardagen finns det många barriärer, som bristande cykelförmåga och cykelvana. Forskningsdeltagarna präglas av att leva i närheten av kriminalitet och våld som inverkar på hur de rör sig i vardagen. Föräldrar begränsar särskilt unga pojkars mobilitet av omsorg. Föräldrarnas oro för att de ska hamna i kriminalitet gör att de styr var de unga tillåts röra sig och på vilka tider, samt vilket socialt umgänge de har. Kulturella föreställningar (kring t.ex. olika färdsätt och bostadsområdet) är ytterligare ett lager som behöver beaktas när familjers vardagsmobilitet diskuteras. Åtgärder som kan stärka familjers vardagliga mobilitet behöver sättas i relation till de begränsningar som finns i ”socialt utsatta” områden. Transport- och samhällsplaneringen bör avlasta de tyngder som familjer upplever i vardagen, och bidra till upprättande och upprätthållande av välfärdsinfrastrukturer. För att styra mot mobilitetsrättvisa behövs åtgärder som gör det möjligt för välbeställda grupper att resa hållbart, medan grupper som upplever bristande tillgänglighet samtidigt kan stärkas.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Joelsson, Tanja, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Vardagen i rörelse : en forsknings- och kunskapsöversikt om familjers vardagsmobilitet, social hållbarhet och mobilitetsrättvisa
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med rapporten är att förstå vad social hållbarhet betyder i relation till resande, transporter och vardagliga förflyttningar. Av särskilt intresse är det resande som präglar vardagslivet för familjer i socialt utsatta områden. Till grund för rapporten ligger en forsknings- och kunskapsöversikt som berör befintlig forskning om vilken roll resande och transporter spelar i människors liv och hur det kan kopplas till makt, rättvisa och samhällsplanering. Rapporten visar att den tidigare forskningen om transporter, resande och resvanor inte tillräckligt belyser hur urbana områden med en hög andel låginkomsttagare med svag arbetsmarknadsanknytning organiserar och hanterar sin vardagsmobilitet. Forskning om ”transportfattigdom” belyser dock hur tillgång till och möjligheten att utnyttja befintliga transporter leder till ojämlikhet för personer med låg inkomst. Vardagslivets organisering där jobb, familjeliv, restid, och interaktion med institutioner kräver att familjer med en eller flera yrkesarbetande vuxna kan kontrollera sin tid. De studier som specifikt intresserat sig för familjers, barns och ungas resandepraktiker och vad det innebär för att kunna uppnå social hållbarhet, betonar närhet, trygghet och självständighet som viktiga faktorer för samhällsplaneringen. Begreppet mobilitetsrättvisa presenteras slutligen som ett fruktbart sammanhållet ramverk att arbeta med i kommande studier om familjers vardagliga mobilitet i socialt utsatta områden.
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| 7. |
- Ahlström, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of partially automated driving on the development of driver sleepiness
- 2021
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 153
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to compare the development of sleepiness during manual driving versus level 2 partially automated driving, when driving on a motorway in Sweden. The hypothesis was that partially auto-mated driving will lead to higher levels of fatigue due to underload. Eighty-nine drivers were included in the study using a 2 ? 2 design with the conditions manual versus partially automated driving and daytime (full sleep) versus night-time (sleep deprived). The results showed that night-time driving led to markedly increased levels of sleepiness in terms of subjective sleepiness ratings, blink durations, PERCLOS, pupil diameter and heart rate. Partially automated driving led to slightly higher subjective sleepiness ratings, longer blink durations, decreased pupil diameter, slower heart rate, and higher EEG alpha and theta activity. However, elevated levels of sleepiness mainly arose from the night-time drives when the sleep pressure was high. During daytime, when the drivers were alert, partially automated driving had little or no detrimental effects on driver fatigue. Whether the negative effects of increased sleepiness during partially automated driving can be compensated by the positive effects of lateral and longitudinal driving support needs to be investigated in further studies.
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| 8. |
- Ahlström, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Fit-for-duty test for estimation of drivers sleepiness level: Eye movements improve the sleep/wake predictor
- 2013
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part C. - : Elsevier. - 0968-090X .- 1879-2359. ; 26, s. 20-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Driver sleepiness contributes to a considerable proportion of road accidents, and a fit-for-duty test able to measure a drivers sleepiness level might improve traffic safety. The aim of this study was to develop a fit-for-duty test based on eye movement measurements and on the sleep/wake predictor model (SWP, which predicts the sleepiness level) and evaluate the ability to predict severe sleepiness during real road driving. Twenty-four drivers participated in an experimental study which took place partly in the laboratory, where the fit-for-duty data were acquired, and partly on the road, where the drivers sleepiness was assessed. A series of four measurements were conducted over a 24-h period during different stages of sleepiness. Two separate analyses were performed; a variance analysis and a feature selection followed by classification analysis. In the first analysis it was found that the SWP and several eye movement features involving anti-saccades, pro-saccades, smooth pursuit, pupillometry and fixation stability varied significantly with different stages of sleep deprivation. In the second analysis, a feature set was determined based on floating forward selection. The correlation coefficient between a linear combination of the acquired features and subjective sleepiness (Karolinska sleepiness scale, KSS) was found to be R = 0.73 and the correct classification rate of drivers who reached high levels of sleepiness (KSS andgt;= 8) in the subsequent driving session was 82.4% (sensitivity = 80.0%, specificity = 84.2% and AUC = 0.86). Future improvements of a fit-for-duty test should focus on how to account for individual differences and situational/contextual factors in the test, and whether it is possible to maintain high sensitive/specificity with a shorter test that can be used in a real-life environment, e.g. on professional drivers.
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| 9. |
- Ahlström, Christer, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Real-Time Adaptation of Driving Time and Rest Periods in Automated Long-Haul Trucking : Development of a System Based on Biomathematical Modelling, Fatigue and Relaxation Monitoring
- 2022
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Ingår i: IEEE transactions on intelligent transportation systems (Print). - : IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC. - 1524-9050 .- 1558-0016. ; 23:5, s. 4758-4766
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hours of service regulations govern the working hours of commercial motor vehicle drivers, but these regulations may become more flexible as highly automated vehicles have the potential to afford periods of in-cab rest or even sleep while the vehicle is moving. A prerequisite is robust continuous monitoring of when the driver is resting (to account for reduced time on task) or sleeping (to account for the reduced physiological drive to sleep). The overall aims of this paper are to raise a discussion of whether it is possible to obtain successful rest during automated driving, and to present initial work on a hypothetical data driven algorithm aimed to estimate if it is possible to gain driving time after resting under fully automated driving. The presented algorithm consists of four central components, a heart rate-based relaxation detection algorithm, a camera-based sleep detection algorithm, a fatigue modelling component taking time awake, time of day and time on task into account, and a component that estimates gained driving time. Real-time assessment of driver fitness is complicated, especially when it comes to the recuperative value of in-cab sleep and rest, as it depends on sleep quality, time of day, homeostatic sleep pressure and on the activities that are carried out while resting. The monotony that characterizes for long-haul truck driving is clearly interrupted for a while, but the long-term consequences of extended driving times, including user acceptance of the key stakeholders, requires further research.
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| 10. |
- Ahlström, Christer, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of daylight versus darkness on driver sleepiness : A driving simulator study
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Sleep Research. - : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 0962-1105 .- 1365-2869.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Driver sleepiness studies are often carried out with alert drivers during daytime and sleep-deprived drivers during night-time. This design results in a mixture of different factors (e.g. circadian effects, homeostatic effects, light conditions) that may confound the results. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of light conditions on driver sleepiness. Thirty young male drivers (23.6 ± 1.7 years old) participated in a driving simulator experiment where they drove on a rural road. A 2 × 2 design was used with the conditions daylight versus darkness, and daytime (full sleep) versus night-time (sleep deprived). The results show that light condition had an independent effect on the sleepiness variables. The subjective sleepiness measured by Karolinska Sleepiness Scale was higher, lateral position more left-oriented, speed lower, electroencephalogram alpha and theta higher, and blink durations were longer during darkness. The number of line crossings did not change significantly with light condition. The day/night condition had profound effects on most sleepiness indicators while controlling for light condition. The number of line crossings was higher during night driving, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale was higher, blink durations were longer and speed was lower. There were no significant interactions, indicating that light conditions have an additive effect on sleepiness. In conclusion, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale and blink durations increase primarily with sleep deprivation, but also as an effect of darkness. Line crossings are mainly driven by the need for sleep and the reduced alertness at the circadian nadir. Lane position is, however, more determined by light conditions than by sleepiness.
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