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Sökning: hsv:(SAMHÄLLSVETENSKAP) > Umeå universitet > Nyberg Lars

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1.
  • Dahlin, Erika, 1981-, et al. (författare)
  • Plasticity of executive functioning in young and older adults : immediative training gains, transfer, and long-term maintenance
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Psychology and Aging. - : American Psychological Association. - 0882-7974 .- 1939-1498. ; 23:4, s. 720-730
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The authors investigated immediate training gains, transfer effects, and 18-month maintenance after 5 weeks of computer-based training in updating of information in working memory in young and older subjects. Trained young and older adults improved significantly more than controls on the criterion task (letter memory), and these gains were maintained 18 months later. Transfer effects were in general limited and restricted to the young participants, who showed transfer to an untrained task that required updating (3-back). The findings demonstrate substantial and durable plasticity of executive functioning across adulthood and old age, although there appear to be age-related constraints in the ability to generalize the acquired updating skill.
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3.
  • Josefsson, Maria, 1979- (författare)
  • Attrition in Studies of Cognitive Aging
  • 2013
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Longitudinal studies of cognition are preferred to cross-sectional stud- ies, since they offer a direct assessment of age-related cognitive change (within-person change). Statistical methods for analyzing age-related change are widely available. There are, however, a number of challenges accompanying such analyzes, including cohort differences, ceiling- and floor effects, and attrition. These difficulties challenge the analyst and puts stringent requirements on the statistical method being used.The objective of Paper I is to develop a classifying method to study discrepancies in age-related cognitive change. The method needs to take into account the complex issues accompanying studies of cognitive aging, and specifically work out issues related to attrition. In a second step, we aim to identify predictors explaining stability or decline in cognitive performance in relation to demographic, life-style, health-related, and genetic factors.In the second paper, which is a continuation of Paper I, we investigate brain characteristics, structural and functional, that differ between suc- cessful aging elderly and elderly with an average cognitive performance over 15-20 years.In Paper III we develop a Bayesian model to estimate the causal effect of living arrangement (living alone versus living with someone) on cog- nitive decline. The model must balance confounding variables between the two living arrangement groups as well as account for non-ignorable attrition. This is achieved by combining propensity score matching with a pattern mixture model for longitudinal data.In paper IV, the objective is to adapt and implement available impu- tation methods to longitudinal fMRI data, where some subjects are lost to follow-up. We apply these missing data methods to a real dataset, and evaluate these methods in a simulation study.
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4.
  • Nilsson, Lars-Göran, 1944-, et al. (författare)
  • Challenging the notion of an early-onset of cognitive decline.
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Neurobiology of Aging. - : Elsevier. - 0197-4580 .- 1558-1497. ; 30:4, s. 521-524; discussion 530
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Salthouse claims that cognitive aging starts around 20 years of age. The basis for this claim is cross-sectional data. He dismisses longitudinal data, which typically show the cognitive decline to start much later, around 60 years of age. He states that longitudinal data cannot be trusted because they are flawed. There is a confounding between the effects of maturation and retest effects. We challenge Salthouse's strong claim on four accounts.
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5.
  • Vestergren, Peter, 1974-, et al. (författare)
  • Development of the cognitive dysfunction questionnaire (CDQ) in a population based sample
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - Stockholm : Almqvist & Wiksell. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 52:3, s. 218-228
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The study reports on the development of a questionnaire for assessment of adult cognitive dysfunction (CDQ). Participants in a population-based sample(65 ± 15 years, N = 370) responded to a 90-item pilot version covering multiple aspects of memory/cognition. Based on exploratory principal components analyses and correlations with criterion measures of cognitive functioning (MMSE, Block Design, semantic/episodic memory), 20 items loading on 6 components were selected for the final version of the questionnaire. Cronbach’s a for the total score was 0.90. There was evidence of construct validity as judged by correlations between CDQ scores, objective cognitive measures, and a subjective memory measure (PRMQ). Discriminant validity was demonstrated by a low and non-significant correlation with depressive symptoms. Further evidence of construct validity was provided by correlations with age and educational attainment. In conclusion, the CDQ is promising as a self-rating screening tool for cognitive dysfunction, and will be the subject of further development and validation.
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6.
  • Vestergren, Peter, 1974-, et al. (författare)
  • Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis of the cognitive dysfunction questionnaire : instrument refinement and measurement invariance across age and sex
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 53:5, s. 390-400
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The study adopted CFA to investigate the factorial structure and reduce the number of items of the Cognitive Dysfunction Questionnaire (CDQ; Vestergren, Rönnlund, Nyberg, & Nilsson, 2011). The analyses were based on data for a total of 1115 participants from population based samples (mean age: 63.0 ± 14.5 years, range: 25 - 95) randomly split into a refinement (n = 569) and a cross-validation (n = 546) sample. Equivalence of the measurement and structural portions of the refined model was demonstrated across the refinement and cross-validation samples. Among competing models the best fitting and parsimonious model had a hierarchical factor structure with five first-order and one second-order general factor. The final version of the CDQ consisted of 20 items in five domains (Procedural actions, Semantic word knowledge, Face recognition, Temporal orientation and Spatial navigation). Internal consistency reliabilities were adequate for the total scale and for the subscales. Multigroup CFAs were performed and the results indicate measurement invariance across age and sex up to the scalar level. Finally, higher levels of cognitive dysfunction as reflected by CDQ scores were observed with advancing age and with deficits in general cognitive functioning as reflected by scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination. In conclusion, adoption of the final version of the CDQ appears to be a way of measuring cognitive dysfunction without administering formal cognitive tests. Future studies should apply it among clinical groups to further test its usefulness.
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7.
  • Andersson, Linus, et al. (författare)
  • Brain responses to olfactory and trigeminal exposure in idiopathic environmental illness (IEI) attributed to smells : An fMRI study
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. - : Elsevier. - 0022-3999 .- 1879-1360. ; 77:5, s. 401-408
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • OBJECTIVE: Idiopathic environmental intolerance (IEI) to smells is a prevalent medically unexplained illness. Sufferers attribute severe symptoms to low doses of non-toxic chemicals. Despite the label, IEI is not characterized by acute chemical senses. Theoretical models suggest that sensitized responses in the limbic system of the brain constitute an important mechanism behind the symptoms. The aim was to investigate whether and how brain reactions to low-levels of olfactory and trigeminal stimuli differ in individuals with and without IEI. METHODS: Brain responses to intranasally delivered isoamyl acetate and carbon dioxide were assessed in 25 women with IEI and 26 non-ill controls using functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: The IEI group had higher blood-oxygenated-level-dependent (BOLD) signal than controls in the thalamus and a number of, mainly, parietal areas, and lower BOLD signal in the superior frontal gyrus. The IEI group did not rate the exposures as more intense than the control group did, and there were no BOLD signal differences between groups in the piriform cortex or olfactory regions of the orbitofrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS: The IEI reactions were not characterized by hyper-responsiveness in sensory areas. The results can be interpreted as a limbic hyperreactivity and speculatively as an inability to inhibit salient extemal stimuli.
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8.
  • Andersson, Linus, 1979-, et al. (författare)
  • Neurocognitive processes underlying heuristic and normative probability judgments
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Cognition. - : ELSEVIER. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 196, s. 1-7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Judging two events in combination (A&B) as more probable than one of the events (A) is known as a conjunction fallacy. According to dual-process explanations of human judgment and decision making, the fallacy is due to the application of a heuristic, associative cognitive process. Avoiding the fallacy has been suggested to require the recruitment of a separate process that can apply normative rules. We investigated these assumptions using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during conjunction tasks. Judgments, whether correct or not, engaged a network of brain regions identical to that engaged during similarity judgments. Avoidance of the conjunction fallacy additionally, and uniquely, involved a fronto-parietal network previously linked to supervisory, analytic control processes. The results lend credibility to the idea that incorrect probability judgments are the result of a representativeness heuristic that requires additional neurocognitive resources to avoid.
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9.
  • Backman, Lars, et al. (författare)
  • Dopamine and training-related working-memory improvement
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. - : Elsevier. - 0149-7634 .- 1873-7528. ; 37:9, s. 2209-2219
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Converging evidence indicates that the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) is implicated in working-memory (WM) functioning and that WM is trainable. We review recent work suggesting that DA is critically involved in the ability to benefit from WM interventions. Functional MRI studies reveal increased striatal BOLD activity following certain forms of WM interventions, such as updating training. Increased striatal BOLD activity has also been linked to transfer of learning to non-trained WM tasks, suggesting a neural signature of transfer. The striatal BOLD signal is partly determined by DA activity. Consistent with this assertion, PET research demonstrates increased striatal DA release during updating of information in WM after training. Genetic studies indicate larger increases in WM performance post training for those who carry advantageous alleles of DA-relevant genes. These patterns of results corroborate the role of DA in WM improvement. Future research avenues include: (a) neuromodulatory correlates of transfer; (b) the potential of WM training to enhance DA release in older adults; (c) comparisons among different WM processes (i.e., updating, switching, inhibition) regarding regional patterns of training-related DA release; and (d) gene-gene interactions in relation to training-related WM gains.
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10.
  • Bergdahl, Jan, et al. (författare)
  • Treatment of chronic stress in employees: Subjective, cognitive, and neural correlates.
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 46:5, s. 395-402
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study reports the effect of an affect-focused intervention program, the Affect School (AS), on stress, psychological symptoms, cognitive functioning and neural activity. Fifty employees in social service and education, with high levels of chronic stress, were randomly divided into a treatment (N=27) and control (N=23) group. Complete sets of data were available in 20 participants in the treatment group and in 17 in the control group. The Percieved Stress Questionnaire assessed stress and the Symptom Chech List-90 psychological symptoms before and after the treatment. Episodic-memory functioning under focussed and divided attention conditions was also assessed. Prior and after the AS, seven participants in the treatment group were studied with fMRI during episodic memory processing. After the AS there was a reduction in stress and psychological symptoms for the treatment group but not in the control group. The controls showed a reduction in episodic memory functioning whereas the performance of the treatment group remained intact. The fMRI scanning indicated a qualitative change in the neural network subserving episodic memory. These preliminary results suggest that the AS is effective on individuals with high stress.
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