| 1. |
- Nerhagen, Lena, 1963-
(författare)
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Samhällsekonomisk analys i arbetet med nationell risk- och förmågebedömning : vägledning och förslag på metodik
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- År 2012 inledde Myndigheten för Samhällsskydd och Beredskap (MSB) ett arbete med att med att utveckla en metodik för nationell riskbedömning. MSB:s arbete har inledningsvis haft ett fokus på riskbedömning. Detta arbete är nu på väg att samordnas med det arbete som redan pågår inom myndigheter med att genomföra av risk- och sårbarhetsanalyser. Därmed har frågan om förmågebedömning och hur brister i systemet kan identifieras fått ett större fokus. VTI har därför fått i uppdrag att undersöka hur samhällsekonomisk analys kan användas som underlag i arbetet. I rapporten beskrivs inledningsvis det arbete som redan pågår på lokal, regional och nationell nivå med att identifiera risker och sårbarheter och vilken information som tas fram i detta arbete. Därefter diskuteras, utifrån exempel i den vetenskapliga litteraturen, hur samhällsekonomisk analysmetodik på olika sätt använts för analyser av risker och krisberedskap. Slutligen beskrivs också, baserat på en vägledning framtagen av Naturvårdsverket, vilka principer som en samhällsekonomisk konsekvensanalys baseras på och vad en sådan ska innehålla. Utifrån dessa bakgrundsbeskrivningar presenteras ett förslag på hur samhällsekonomisk analys kan användas för att strukturera ett problem utifrån de underlag som idag används, med fokus på scenarioanalys. De delar som ingår i detta förslag är: - Scenarioanalys som används för att ta fram en principiell modell som beskriver systemberoenden och vilka förmågor som kan påverka sannolikheten eller konsekvenserna av en händelse. - Förmågebedömning som syftar till att närmare kvantifiera nivån på relevanta förmågor. - GAP-analys som syftar till att identifiera brister i nuvarande system och klarlägga vilka åtgärder som är aktuella att analysera. - Samhällsekonomisk konsekvensanalys av åtgärder enligt etablerad metodik. - Stresstest och utvärdering där den modell som tagits fram i scenarioanalysen kan användas.
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| 2. |
- Björklund, Gunilla, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Influences of infrastructure and attitudes to health on value of travel time savings in bicycle journeys
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper we investigate how attitudes to health and exercise in connection with cycling influence the estimation of values of travel time savings in different kinds of bicycle environments (mixed traffic, bicycle lane in the road way, bicycle path next to the road, and bicycle path not in connection with the road). The results, based on two Swedish stated choice studies, suggest that the values of travel time savings are lower when cycling in better conditions. Surprisingly, the respondents do not consider cycling on a path next to the road worse than cycling on a path not in connection to the road, indicating that they do not take traffic noise and air pollution into account in their decision to cycle. No difference can be found between cycling on a road way (mixed traffic) and cycling in a bicycle lane in the road way. The results also indicate that respondents that include health aspects in their choice to cycle have lower value of travel time savings for cycling than respondents that state that health aspects are of less importance, at least when cycling on a bicycle path. The appraisals of travel time savings regarding cycling also differ a lot depending on the respondents’ alternative travel mode. The individuals who stated that they will take the car if they do not cycle have a much higher valuation of travel time savings than the persons stating public transport as the main alternative to cycling.
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| 3. |
- Hansson, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Regulatory measurements in policy coordinated practices : The case of promoting renewable energy and cleaner transport in Sweden
- 2019
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 11:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- International organisations, such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU), are seeking to implement a cohesive Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) system in order to achieve better regulation and increased unity and transparency. Central to these evaluations is the use of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and related tools. A comprehensive analysis of the use of impact assessment in the EU shows that many assessments lack important economic components. This paper draws on an extensive document study of the Swedish policy making process related to the EU Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. The aim of the paper is to examine how CBA is presented, negotiated and accounted for by central actors within a policy setting influenced by negotiation and policy coordination. The paper departs from a theoretical perspective on policy coordination and shows how this factor must be considered when explaining the low use of CBA. It concludes that the Swedish policy tradition, wherein the national government relies on consensus-based coordination between agencies, might counteract a more explicit assessment of different policy options. The paper also proposes a model that can be used for further studies on CBA and policy coordination.
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| 4. |
- Nyberg, Jonna, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Distrust of Authorities : Experiences of Outcome and Processes of People Who Had Their Driving License Withdrawn Due to Visual Field Loss
- 2021
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Ingår i: Social Sciences. - : MDPI. - 2076-0760. ; 10:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Citizens’ trust of authorities is of general importance, as it can affect trust in society as awhole. The Swedish Transport Agency is a state administrative authority responsible for drivinglicense withdrawal. If withdrawals are experienced as unfair by those affected, this might leadto decreased trust in the agency and in other actors involved. This study accordingly examineshow the experiences of people who have had their driving license for a private car withdrawndue to visual field loss might affect their distrust of the authorities, as related to outcomes andprocesses. Follow-up interviews were conducted with nine people from a previous study. Contentanalysis revealed one overarching theme, struggling for justice within a system perceived as unfair, whichcomprised four identified categories: preparedness for and understanding of the withdrawn driving license(WDL); perceptions of assessment methods, reactions and actions regarding the decision, and perceptions ofthe authorities’ performance. In sum, the vision tests on which withdrawals are based were perceivedas unfair, as they did not measure individual driving ability. Furthermore, rejections of appeals led tofeelings of hopelessness. Distrust regarding outcomes and processes related to the withdrawals wasalso fueled by experiences of deficiencies regarding, for example, performance and information.
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| 5. |
- Nyberg, Jonna, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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How does driving license withdrawal affect subjective well-being? A Swedish comparative survey study of visual field loss
- 2021
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Ingår i: European Transport Research Review. - : Springer. - 1867-0717 .- 1866-8887. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research has found strong relationships between access to transport, accessibility of activities, and subjective well-being (SWB), and society is said to be car dependent. Accordingly, this study investigates, in a Swedish context, whether and how withdrawal of a driving license for a private car due to visual field loss (VFL) affects SWB. A web survey was used for statistical comparisons of three respondent groups (n = 436): people with a driving license, people with a driving license and VFL, and people whose driving license was withdrawn due to VFL. The inclusion criterion for all participants was that they should have a diagnosis that could cause VFL. The no-license group had lower overall SWB than did respondents with driving licenses. The no-license group also perceived less access to transport means in order to live a life to be satisfied with than did the other groups. The most used transport means in the no-license group was getting a lift in a car, though this group had a strong desire to drive a car. Few respondents in the license groups wanted to use specific transport means to a greater extent, car driving being the most used transport means. Some inter-group differences were seen regarding how access to activities (measured by frequency of actual trips) affected SWB. This study found a significant negative effect of driving license withdrawal on SWB. However, the results imply that qualitative aspects other than the relationship between the frequencies of trips and activities might also affect SWB, and more research on this subject is needed.
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| 6. |
- Björklund, Gunilla, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Driver behaviour in intersections : Formal and informal traffic rules
- 2005
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 8:3, s. 239-253
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Drivers' behaviour in intersections is not only influenced by the rules of priority in the intersection but also by the design of the intersection as well as the behaviour of other road users. If behaviours that supplement or contradict formal traffic rules become common in a particular traffic intersection, it is an indication that an informal traffic rule has been used. In the present study a sample of 1276 Swedish drivers (aged 18-74 years) responded to questions about how often they would yield to another driver in 10 hypothetical crossing situations. In all crossing situations the respondents were told that there was no major road, implying that they should always yield the right of way to traffic coming from the right (the right-hand ride). The results showed that drivers' reported behaviour varied over different intersections. As expected, the formal rule of priority (i.e., the direction from which the other driver was coming) was an important determinant for drivers' yielding behaviour. However, cues for informal rules such as the other driver's behaviour and road breadth were also of importance. Different groups of drivers could be identified according to their strategies of yielding behaviour. One group of drivers reported that they rarely yielded, whereas another group reported that they always did so. A third group complied with the right-hand rule most of the time, whereas the behaviour of a fourth group varied over intersections. The implications of the results and the appropriateness of the right-hand rule are discussed.
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| 7. |
- Björklund, Gunilla, 1973-
(författare)
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Driver irritation and aggressive behaviour
- 2008
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 40:3, s. 1069-1077
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A sample of 98 drivers responded to a Swedish version of the UK Driving Anger Scale [UK DAS; [Lajunen, T., Parker, D., Stradling, S.G., 1998. Dimensions of driver anger, aggressive and highway code violations and their mediation by safety orientation in UK drivers. Transport. Res. Part F 1, 107–121]. The results indicated that the Swedish version, like the British original, measures three sources of driver irritation: “progress impeded”, “reckless driving”, and “direct hostility”. Structural equation modelling was used to investigate the relationships between the three sources of self-reported driver irritation, aggressive actions, speed, sex, age, and annual mileage. The models suggested a positive relationship between the amount of driver irritation and frequency of aggressive actions for all three sources of irritation. Female drivers tended to become more irritated than male drivers, while the male drivers tended to act aggressively more often. Surprisingly, drivers who reported that they enjoy fast speeds did not become more irritated than slower drivers when obstructed. The important conclusions are that experienced irritation often leads to openly aggressively actions, and that expression of aggressive behaviours may be a cause of other drivers’ feeling of irritation.
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| 8. |
- Eriksson, Louise, et al.
(författare)
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Tema miljörisker : miljörisker och trafikanters beteenden
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report compiles the results from the project Theme Environmental risks. More specifically, the project concerned how different transport related environmental risks influence different road users and how their behaviour influence the environment. The project aimed at preparing for interdisciplinary research about environmental risks at VTI. The project was divided into three parts. The first subproject aimed at compiling literature about transport related environmental risks from psychological and economic perspectives, and in the second subproject a willingness to pay study was outlined where both economic and psychological principles were considered. In the third subproject, a simulator study was outlined. The focus was to study environmental effects of driving under controlled circumstances in the driving simulator. The report is divided into two parts. In part 1, the results from the literature review and the proposal for a willingness to pay study are described (subproject 1 and 2). This part is written in English. Part 2 contains a project outline for a simulator study in the form of an research project application (project 3). This part is written in Swedish.
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| 9. |
- Forsstedt, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Samhällsekonomisk analys i regelgivningsarbetet : Avrapportering av inledande delprojekt
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Transportstyrelsen genomför konsekvensutredningar bland annat avseende förslag till förändringar i föreskrifter, framställan till regelförändringar och som en del i regeringsuppdrag. Myndigheten har under senare år identifierat ett behov av att vidga innehållet i konsekvensutredningarna för att kunna bedöma om nya och förändrade regleringar bidrar till en transport-försörjning som är samhällsekonomiskt effektiv. Ett utvecklingsarbete har pågått sedan myndigheten bildades 2009.Inom ramen för ett pågående forskningsprojekt genomfört av Centrum för Transportstudier (CTS) – Samhällsekonomisk analys av regleringar – studeras effekterna av de förändringar som genomförts. Syftet är att analysera de problem som uppkommer i det praktiska arbetet med genomförandet av konsekvensanalyser av samhällsekonomisk effektivitet och att, baserat på resultaten, utveckla en mer generell metodik för hur arbetet ska genomföras och vad som bör ingå i den samhällsekonomiska analysen.
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| 10. |
- Hansen, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Svenska flygplatser och marginalkostnadsprissättning
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report is commissioned by the Swedish Civil Aviation Authority. The aim is to update the knowledge regarding the price relevant costs of aviation. We distinguish between marginal costs caused by airport activities and those caused by the external effects of pollution and noise. The review shows that vital data is missing regarding the activities and effects of aviation in order to perform solid marginal cost calculations. In the report we have calculated approximative values for two types of airplanes. Marginal costs related to airport services are divided into those related to passenger services and those related to congestion services. We conclude that the Swedish charges are at least twice as high as marginal costs. We do, however, lack any estimation of the congestion-related marginal costs. Regarding the external effects, today's charges concerning the landing and take-off cycle are sufficient although partly mischarged since they only reflect NOx-emissions. Moreover it should be examined if emissions during flying should be charged or not. The conclusion of this report is that more research is needed in this area. This concerns studies dealing with Swedish airports as well as making cost data publicly available.
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