| 1. |
- Jägerbrand, Annika, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Driving behaviour responses to a moose encounter, automatic speed camera, wildlife warning sign and radio message determined in a factorial simulator study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 86, s. 229-238
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a driving simulator study, driving behaviour responses (speed and deceleration) to encountering a moose, automatic speed camera, wildlife warning sign and radio message, with or without a wildlife fence and in dense forest or open landscape, were analysed. The study consisted of a factorial experiment that examined responses to factors singly and in combination over 9-km road stretches driven eight times by 25 participants (10 men, 15 women). The aims were to: determine the most effective animal–vehicle collision (AVC) countermeasures in reducing vehicle speed and test whether these are more effective in combination for reducing vehicle speed; identify the most effective countermeasures on encountering moose; and determine whether the driving responses to AVC countermeasures are affected by the presence of wildlife fences and landscape characteristics. The AVC countermeasures that proved most effective in reducing vehicle speed were a wildlife warning sign and radio message, while automatic speed cameras had a speed-increasing effect. There were no statistically significant interactions between different countermeasures and moose encounters. However, there was a tendency for a stronger speed-reducing effect from the radio message warning and from a combination of a radio message and wildlife warning sign in velocity profiles covering longer driving distances than the statistical tests. Encountering a moose during the drive had the overall strongest speed-reducing effect and gave the strongest deceleration, indicating that moose decoys or moose artwork might be useful as speed-reducing countermeasures. Furthermore, drivers reduced speed earlier on encountering a moose in open landscape and had lower velocity when driving past it. The presence of a wildlife fence on encountering the moose resulted in smaller deceleration.
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| 2. |
- Jägerbrand, Annika K, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Renewal of street and road lighting in Swedish municipalities
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of CIE Centenary Conference "Towards a New Century of Light", April 15-16, Paris, France, 2013.. - CIE. - 9783902842442 ; , s. 1009-1015
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We studied planning, responsibilities, and stakeholder’s involvement in 12 Swedish municipalities of different size to identify factors that could constitute barriers for developing more energy efficient street and road lighting (SRL). In this study, small municipalities had the most energy efficient lighting and all stated that energy savings were the main reason for their substitution of mercury lamps. In medium-sized and large municipalities the ecodesign directive was given as the main motive for renewal of the SRL by four municipalities, and the remaining four municipalities stated that their main motive was the need to replace old SRL. Outsourcing of management, operation and maintenance may constitute a barrier for renewal whereas lack of knowledge and costs for renewal does not seem to be any significant barriers. Integration of SRL planning with other strategies, such as energy and economy strategies, seems to be an important factor for a proactive SRL development.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Jan, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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The complexity of changes in modal choice : A quasi-experimental study
- 2023
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 96:July, s. 36-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Changes in modal choice is argued to be one way to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. Increasing modal choices in favour of more environmentally friendly travel modes requires a better understanding of how these choices are actually made. The first aim of this study is therefore to examine how modal choice is related to subjective experiences as perceived accessibility, perceived satisfaction , habit, both before , after an intervention promoting public transport. The second aim is to examine how modal choice is affected by the intervention. Finally, the third aim is to examine how subjective experiences as perceived accessibility, perceived satisfaction, and habit are affected by the intervention.Method: The design used is a before-and after-study with free public travel passes as the intervention (30-or 14-days free travel pass). Altogether, 52 travelers - distributed on two intervention groups and one control group - participated in the study. The 30-days free travel pass group constitutes 18 participants, the 14-days free travel pass group constitutes 19 participants while the control group constitutes 15 participants. During the before -period the participants were asked to register their modal choice using a digitalized application downloaded on their smart phones (the TravelVu app), to complete a short app-based questionnaire, and a web-based questionnaire. During the after-period, they were once again asked to register their modal choice and to complete a web-based questionnaire. All data collected were analyzed by variance or correlation analyses using the change between before-and after period as the dependent variable.Conclusion: The intervention did not affect the modal choice or the subjective experiences. Over time, the participants did however increase their use of public transport and their cognitive evaluation of their everyday travel overall, while they decreased their use of car and became less reflective and less interested in trying out new alternative travel modes. These changes might be attributed to their participation in the present study.
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| 4. |
- Andersson-Sköld, Yvonne, et al.
(författare)
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A framework for assessing urban greenery's effects and valuing its ecosystem services
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Academic Press. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 205, s. 274-285
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ongoing urban exploitation is increasing pressure to transform urban green spaces, while there is increasing awareness that greenery provides a range of important benefits to city residents. In efforts to help resolve associated problems we have developed a framework for integrated assessments of ecosystem service (ES) benefits and values provided by urban greenery, based on the ecosystem service cascade model. The aim is to provide a method for assessing the contribution to, and valuing, multiple ES provided by urban greenery that can be readily applied in routine planning processes. The framework is unique as it recognizes that an urban greenery comprises several components and functions that can contribute to multiple ecosystem services in one or more ways via different functional traits (e.g. foliage characteristics) for which readily measured indicators have been identified. The framework consists of five steps including compilation of an inventory of indicator; application of effectivity factors to rate indicators' effectiveness; estimation of effects; estimation of benefits for each ES; estimation of the total ES value of the ecosystem. The framework was applied to assess ecosystem services provided by trees, shrubs, herbs, birds, and bees, in green areas spanning an urban gradient in Gothenburg, Sweden. Estimates of perceived values of ecosystem services were obtained from interviews with the public and workshop activities with civil servants. The framework is systematic and transparent at all stages and appears to have potential utility in the existing spatial planning processes.
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| 5. |
- Antonson, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Experiencing moose and landscape while driving : a simulator and questionnaire study
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Psychology. - : Elsevier. - 0272-4944 .- 1522-9610. ; 41, s. 91-100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Animal vehicle collisions (AVC's) have large economic, medical and ecological consequences but have rarely been studied with respect to driver behaviour. The aim of this study was to investigate different AVC-relevant landscape settings (vegetation cover), with and without game fencing and in combination with encountering moose. Twenty-five participants took part in an advanced driving simulator experiment. The results show that neither the presence of a game fence nor vegetation was found to affect driving speed, speed variability, lateral position or visual scanning in general. When a moose appeared at the side of the road, the drivers reacted by slowing down earlier and reducing their speed more when no game fence was present. Furthermore, the speed reduction when a moose was present was significantly larger when the vegetation was sparse. Game fencing made drivers feel at ease whereas dense vegetation was experienced as more stressful.
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| 6. |
- Folkeson, Lennart, 1950-, et al.
(författare)
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State of preparedness for climate change adaptation in operations and maintenance of transport infrastructure in eight Swedish municipalities
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study analysed the preparedness for climate change adaptation (CCA) of transport infrastructure in eight municipalities in Sweden. The study focused on municipal officials’ role in organizing and implementing CCA measures. The interviews were done in 2011. Many respondents confused CCA with climate change mitigation. Three of the municipalities had performed vulnerability analyses but apart from that, well-documented decision support in long-term adaptation was largely lacking. Adaptation measures were often based on day-to-day problems and recently experienced weather incidents. Strategic work with long-term CCA seemed to be largely lacking. The placing of the responsibility for CCA in the municipal organization was often unclear. Six of the respondents found there were no actual hindrances to their work with CCA and no conflicts with other municipal aims. However, several responses indicated budgetary competition with environmental aims or other societal strivings. The planning and implementation of CCA measures seemed to be highly dependent on individual officials, their engagement, their passivity/activity regarding this issue, their defined responsibility and the boundaries for their current position in the municipality organization.
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| 7. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Using traffic data to estimate wildlife populations
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Bioeconomics. - : Springer. - 1387-6996 .- 1573-6989. ; 18:1, s. 17-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wildlife populations are threatened worldwide by, among others, habitat fragmentation and hunting pressure. An important impediment for the large scale, national and regional, management of the populations is the difficulty to quantify population dynamics. The purpose of this study is to present a tool for such estimations which is based on available data in several countries; traffic load and traffic accidents with wildlife. An econometric model is developed, which accounts for landscape characteristics. It is applied to wild boar in Sweden, for which data on traffic load and accidents for different counties and years are available. Landscape characteristics are introduced with direct or indirect effects on population growth. The indirect landscape model gives the best statistical performance, and the results show relatively small differences in calculated intrinsic growth rate among counties but considerable differences in predicted population developments.
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| 8. |
- Gustafsson, Susanne, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Ljudvarningar vid vägarbetsplatser för att uppnå sänkta hastigheter : Kartläggning och praktisk utvärdering
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ett projekt har genomförts i syfte att hitta metoder som effektivt sänker förbipasserande trafikanters hastigheter vid vägarbetsområden genom att i realtid varna med hjälp av ljud. Projektet har bestått av två delar. Först genomfördes en kartläggning av befintliga studier. Resultaten visar att de egenskaper i en ljudvarning som ger större effekt är att den har kvinnoröst, är direkt och informativ, samverkar mellan semantik och akustik, ökar i intensitet och medför nedtoning av andra ljuddistraktioner. Med bas i resultaten från kartläggningen gjordes en praktisk utvärdering av potentiell användning av ljudvarningar vid vägarbetsplatser i VTI:s simulator Sim III. Tjugotvå personbilsförare körde 25 kilometer på en motorväg där två vägarbeten fanns utplacerade i vägrenen. Hälften av försökspersonerna fick en ljudvarning före det första vägarbetet och den andra hälften före det andra vägarbetet. Ljudvarningen bestod av ett "pling" följt av en kvinnoröst som sa ”Varning! Vägarbete om 500 meter. Anpassa hastigheten!”. Meddelandet sändes via bilens interna högtalarsystem. Resultaten visar bland annat en signifikant hastighetsreducerande effekt av ljudvarningen. Den genomsnittliga sänkningen skattas till 9–17 km/h större med ljudvarning än utan. Vidare fanns en liten effekt (0,5–3,3 km/h) kvar av ljudvarningen även efter vägarbetet. Fler resultat presenteras tillsammans med förarnas subjektiva upplevelser av försöket.
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| 9. |
- Robertson, Kerstin, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of transport interventions in developing countries
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- International climate policy and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) with the Kyoto Protocol include different mechanisms or programmes for actions in developing countries aimed at reducing emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). To verify compliance, the effects of such actions, including transport measures, need to be measured, reported and verified (MRV). However, in relation to other sectors very few transport-related projects have been initiated. Potential problems and ambiguities related to the current evaluation methodology were therefore investigated as a possible explanation for the low interest in investments in the transport sector. Other objectives of this study were to analyse the requirements for development and improvement of methods for evaluating the effects of transport policies and measures on emissions of greenhouse gases in developing countries. The analyses includes a review of different climate mechanisms, for example applied within the UNFCCC, evaluation requirements and methodologies used, the general availability of methods for evaluation of traffic and transportation, evaluation data availability, and institutional conditions in developing countries. The main conclusions are that measuring traffic and transportation is generally a complex and demanding process, and the potential for misinterpretation of results is significant. In addition, there is a significant risk of rebound effects, especially for transport projects in developing countries aiming at modal shift. Furthermore, it seems that very short time frames are applied for evaluation of project-based mechanisms in the transport sector. Other challenges relate to institutional roles and responsibilities, the availability of personal and financial resources, and the knowledge and perspectives applied. Based on these limitations regarding transport project evaluations, further development of transport-related climate mechanisms towards a more sectoral and transformational perspective is suggested.
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| 10. |
- Robertson, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Hållbara turistresor inom Sverige : hinder och möjligheter för resor med tåg och buss
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med denna studie har varit att analysera förutsättningarna för att överföra resande från egen bil till främst allmänna kommunikationer såsom tåg och buss till, från och inom olika turistresmål i Sverige. Målet har varit att ta fram ett underlag för det fortsatta arbetet med att utveckla hållbara turistresor. Studien har omfattat en analys av möjligheter att resa med allmänna kommunikationer, restider och reskostnader, intervjuer av turister och andra aktörer och en åtgärdsanalys, samt utmynnar i ett översiktligt underlag för planering av hållbara turistresor. Möjligheterna att resa med allmänna kommunikationer, restider och reskostnader till, från och inom tre sommarresmål (Astrid Lindgrens värld, Glasriket, Öland) och två vinterresmål (Åre, Funäsdalen) har analyserats för tre olika turistkategorier (barnfamilj, par, fyra vuxna). Detta visade att det sammantaget är möjligt att resa till de studerade resmålen utan egen bil. Förutsättningarna för kollektiva alternativ skiljer sig dock kraftigt åt mellan de olika resmålen. När det gäller restider med tåg eller buss i jämförelse med att resa med egen bil är skillnaderna inte så stora för flertalet kombinationer av avreseorter och resmål. I några fall när avreseorten är en mindre ort och resmålet inte är beläget utmed en större järnväg kan en resa med tåg och/eller buss dock bli både lång och kräva många byten, och därmed knappast vara ett alternativ till resa med egen bil. Den totala reskostnaden för att resa med tåg eller buss är i så gott som alla fall någorlunda i nivå med egen bil men kan också vara betydlig högre. Reskostnaden med allmänna kommunikationer blir dessutom högre relativt resa med egen bil om fler reser tillsammans varför kostnaden kan ses som ett hinder. Resmöjligheterna inom de olika resmålen framstår som det största hindret för att fler ska välja att resa med allmänna kommunikationer till och från turistresmål, i synnerhet sommartid då resbehovet generellt sett dessutom är större. Möjligheterna att resa inom resmålen varierar kraftigt, men är bättre inom vinterresmålen. I Åre fungerar skidbussen till exempel bra för förflyttningar mellan de olika skidanläggningarna. Turisternas syn på att resa med allmänna kommunikationer är betydligt mer positiv avseende resor till vinterresmål än sommarresmål, vilket till stor del kan förklaras av det mindre resbehovet inom vinterresmålen. När det gäller barnfamiljer framkom åsikten att det är svårt att få småbarnsfamiljerna att resa med allmänna kommunikationer av flera olika skäl varav hantering av packning är en viktig fråga. Många anser också att det behöver bli lättare att hitta information om och att boka resor med allmänna kommunikationer. Paketresor lyftes fram som ett intressant alternativ. Många upplevde det som ett problem att söka information avseende resans olika komponenter såsom boende, resor, transfer, liftkort m.m. och skulle uppskatta en service där allt fanns samlat på ett ställe. Att det inte enkelt går att få en överblick över prisbilden både för resa och boende tycks också vara en försvårande faktor. Förslag framkom också om att ett sätt att locka till att resa med allmänna kommunikationer är att lyfta fram de mervärden som det innebär.
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