| 1. |
- Ihlström, Jonas, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Hot och våld mot bussförare och tågvärdar
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I studien har befintlig statistik över inrapporterat hot och våld bland bussförare och tågvärdar analyserats. Den kvalitativ ansatsen i studien bygger på intervjuer med medarbetare och chefer i trafikföretagen. Sammanlagt har 29 bussförare och tågvärdar intervjuats (16 tågvärdar och 12 bussförare), samt 7 chefer i olika befattningar i de två bolagen. Med detta som utgångspunkt har ett antal potentiala åtgärder identiferats och kategoriserats som aktörssamverkan eller organisationsutveckling. Aktörssamverkan handlar om att utveckla samverkan och tydligheten mot kund i avgörande frågor som biljettaviseringer etc. Det är framförallt samverkan mellan trafikföretag och kollektivtrafikmyndighet som är avgörande. Självklart ska även förarna vara med i denna dialog. Organisationsutveckling handlar om att ta fram, tydligt kommunicera och följa upp riktlinjer till förare och tågvärdare. Detta är framförallt viktigt när det gäller färdbeviskontroll. Det handlar även om att förbättra tillbudsrapporteringen och de förutsättningar och vilkor som desas omges med. Det måste vara tydligt att rapporteringen är viktigt, vad som ska rapporteras, när och hur, men även vad den leder till. Vidare är värderingar och värdegrundsarbete en sannolikt en viktig fråga att jobba med. I detta ingår att ha en gemensam sund företagskultur, en tydlighet i vilken roll medarbetare har i olika situationer, diskrimineringsgrunder etc. Medarbetarperspektiv är en viktigt dimension. Att se till att de förare och tågvärdar har en repetoar med svar till de som inte vill visa giligt färdbevis förväntas vara en lämplig åtgärd.
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| 2. |
- Vadeby, Anna, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Hastigheter på kommunala gator i tätort : resultat från mätningar 2014
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med föreliggande studie är att följa upp förändringar av trafikanternas hastighetsval och hastighetsefterlevnad på det kommunala huvudvägnätet i tätort. År 2012 var startår för mätserien och under 2014 genomfördes den andra uppföljande mätningen. Enbart det kommunala huvudvägnätet med hastighetsgränser mellan 40 km/tim och 70 km/tim studerades. Mätningarna genomfördes under september månad i 23 olika orter. Resultaten visar att för alla fordon år 2014 var den genomsnittliga reshastigheten på det studerade vägnätet 49 km/tim. Vad gäller andelen överträdelser var det totalt sett 37 procent av den studerade trafiken som körde över gällande hastighetsgräns år 2014, det vill säga 63 procent höll hastighetsgränsen. Hastighetsefterlevnaden var sämst på gator med hastighetsbegränsning 40 km/tim där 54 procent av trafiken höll hastighetsgränsen. På gator med 50 km/tim var det 61 procent, på 60 km/tim var det 68 procent och på 70 km/tim var det 77 procent som höll hastighetsgränsen. Sammanfattningsvis kan konstateras att de genomsnittliga reshastigheterna i tätort ligger under gällande hastighetsgräns, men bristande hastighetsefterlevnad är fortfarande ett problem. För att nå målet att 80 procent av trafiken ska följa gällande hastighetsgräns år 2020 är det framför allt hastighetsefterlevnaden på gator med lägre hastighetsbegränsning som behöver förbättras.
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| 3. |
- Ahlström, Christer, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of the road environment on the development of driver sleepiness in young male drivers
- 2018
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 112, s. 127-134
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Latent driver sleepiness may in some cases be masked by for example social interaction, stress and physical activity. This short-term modulation of sleepiness may also result from environmental factors, such as when driving in stimulating environments. The aim of this study is to compare two road environments and investigate how they affect driver sleepiness. Thirty young male drivers participated in a driving simulator experiment where they drove two scenarios: a rural environment with winding roads and low traffic density, and a suburban road with higher traffic density and a more built-up roadside environment. The driving task was essentially the same in both scenarios, i.e. to stay on the road, without much interaction with other road users. A 2 x 2 design, with the conditions rural versus suburban, and daytime (full sleep) versus night-time (sleep deprived), was used. The results show that there were only minor effects of the road environment on subjective and physiological indicators of sleepiness. In contrast, there was an increase in subjective sleepiness, longer blink durations and increased EEG alpha content, both due to time on task and to night-time driving. The two road environments differed both in terms of the demand on driver action and of visual load, and the results indicate that action demand is the more important of the two factors. The notion that driver fatigue should be countered in a more stimulating visual environment such as in the city is thus more likely due to increased task demand rather than to a richer visual scenery. This should be investigated in further studies.
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| 4. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-
(författare)
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Ride the future : Vad har vi egentligen gjort och lärt oss?
- 2023
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med Ride the future - living labVisa hur en autonom, elektrifierad buss kan vara en del av mobiliteten i den moderna, förtätade stadenErbjuda en plattform för forskning och studierBidra till samverkan och regional utveckling
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| 5. |
- Abtahi, Farhad, et al.
(författare)
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Association of drivers’ sleepiness with heart rate variability : A pilot study with drivers on real roads
- 2018
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Ingår i: IFMBE Proceedings. - Singapore : Springer Verlag. - 9789811051210 ; , s. 149-152
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vehicle crashes lead to huge economic and social consequences, and one non-negligible cause of accident is driver sleepiness. Driver sleepiness analysis based on the monitoring of vehicle acceleration, steering and deviation from the road or physiological and behavioral monitoring of the driver, e.g., monitoring of yawning, head pose, eye blinks and eye closures, electroencephalogram, electrooculogram, electromyogram and electrocardiogram (ECG), have been used as a part of sleepiness alert systems.Heart rate variability (HRV) is a potential method for monitoring of driver sleepiness. Despite previous positive reports from the use of HRV for sleepiness detection, results are often inconsistent between studies. In this work, we have re-evaluated the feasibility of using HRV for detecting drivers’ sleepiness during real road driving. A database consists of ECG measurements from 10 drivers, driving during morning, afternoon and night sessions on real road were used. Drivers have reported their average sleepiness level by using the Karolinska sleepiness scale once every five minutes. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the potential of HRV indexes to distinguish between alert, first signs of sleepiness and severe sleepiness states. The results suggest that individual subjects show different reactions to sleepiness, which produces an individual change in HRV indicators. The results motivate future work for more personalized approaches in sleepiness detection.
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| 6. |
- Ahlström, Christer, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Local changes in the wake electroencephalogram precedes lane departures
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Sleep Research. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 0962-1105 .- 1365-2869.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this exploratory study is to investigate if lane departures are associated with local sleep, measured via source-localized electroencephalography (EEG) theta power in the 5-9 Hz frequency range. Thirty participants drove in an advanced driving simulator, resulting in 135 lane departures at high levels of self-reported sleepiness. These lane departures were compared to matching non-departures at the same sleepiness level within the same individual. There was no correspondence between lane departures and global theta activity. However, at the local level an increased risk for lane departures was associated with increased theta content in brain regions related to motor function.
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| 7. |
- Ahlström, Christer, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Real-Time Adaptation of Driving Time and Rest Periods in Automated Long-Haul Trucking : Development of a System Based on Biomathematical Modelling, Fatigue and Relaxation Monitoring
- 2022
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Ingår i: IEEE transactions on intelligent transportation systems (Print). - : IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC. - 1524-9050 .- 1558-0016. ; 23:5, s. 4758-4766
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hours of service regulations govern the working hours of commercial motor vehicle drivers, but these regulations may become more flexible as highly automated vehicles have the potential to afford periods of in-cab rest or even sleep while the vehicle is moving. A prerequisite is robust continuous monitoring of when the driver is resting (to account for reduced time on task) or sleeping (to account for the reduced physiological drive to sleep). The overall aims of this paper are to raise a discussion of whether it is possible to obtain successful rest during automated driving, and to present initial work on a hypothetical data driven algorithm aimed to estimate if it is possible to gain driving time after resting under fully automated driving. The presented algorithm consists of four central components, a heart rate-based relaxation detection algorithm, a camera-based sleep detection algorithm, a fatigue modelling component taking time awake, time of day and time on task into account, and a component that estimates gained driving time. Real-time assessment of driver fitness is complicated, especially when it comes to the recuperative value of in-cab sleep and rest, as it depends on sleep quality, time of day, homeostatic sleep pressure and on the activities that are carried out while resting. The monotony that characterizes for long-haul truck driving is clearly interrupted for a while, but the long-term consequences of extended driving times, including user acceptance of the key stakeholders, requires further research.
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| 8. |
- Ahlström, Christer, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of daylight versus darkness on driver sleepiness : A driving simulator study
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Sleep Research. - : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 0962-1105 .- 1365-2869.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Driver sleepiness studies are often carried out with alert drivers during daytime and sleep-deprived drivers during night-time. This design results in a mixture of different factors (e.g. circadian effects, homeostatic effects, light conditions) that may confound the results. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of light conditions on driver sleepiness. Thirty young male drivers (23.6 ± 1.7 years old) participated in a driving simulator experiment where they drove on a rural road. A 2 × 2 design was used with the conditions daylight versus darkness, and daytime (full sleep) versus night-time (sleep deprived). The results show that light condition had an independent effect on the sleepiness variables. The subjective sleepiness measured by Karolinska Sleepiness Scale was higher, lateral position more left-oriented, speed lower, electroencephalogram alpha and theta higher, and blink durations were longer during darkness. The number of line crossings did not change significantly with light condition. The day/night condition had profound effects on most sleepiness indicators while controlling for light condition. The number of line crossings was higher during night driving, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale was higher, blink durations were longer and speed was lower. There were no significant interactions, indicating that light conditions have an additive effect on sleepiness. In conclusion, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale and blink durations increase primarily with sleep deprivation, but also as an effect of darkness. Line crossings are mainly driven by the need for sleep and the reduced alertness at the circadian nadir. Lane position is, however, more determined by light conditions than by sleepiness.
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| 9. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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An on-road study of sleepiness in split shifts among city bus drivers
- 2018
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 114, s. 71-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bus drivers often work irregular hours or split shifts and their work involves high levels of stress. These factors can lead to severe sleepiness and dangerous driving. This study examined how split shift working affects sleepiness and performance during afternoon driving. An experiment was conducted on a real road with a specially equipped regular bus driven by professional bus drivers.The study had a within-subject design and involved 18 professional bus drivers (9 males and 9 females) who drove on two afternoons; one on a day in which they had driven early in the morning (split shift situation) and one on a day when they had been off duty until the test (afternoon shift situation). The hypothesis tested was that split shifts contribute to sleepiness during afternoon, which can increase the safety risks. The overall results supported this hypothesis. In total, five of the 18 drivers reached levels of severe sleepiness (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale ≥8) with an average increase in KSS of 1.94 when driving in the afternoon after working a morning shift compared with being off duty in the morning. This increase corresponded to differences observed between shift workers starting and ending a night shift. The Psychomotor Vigilance Task showed significantly increased response time with split shift working (afternoon: 0.337. s; split shift 0.347. s), as did the EEG-based Karolinska Drowsiness Score mean/max. Blink duration also increased, although the difference was not significant. One driver fell asleep during the drive. In addition, 12 of the 18 bus drivers reported that in their daily work they have to fight to stay awake while driving at least 2-4 times per month. While there were strong individual differences, the study clearly showed that shift-working bus drivers struggle to stay awake and thus countermeasures are needed in order to guarantee safe driving with split shift schedules.
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| 10. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Are professional drivers less sleepy than non-professional drivers?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. - : SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL WORK ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH. - 0355-3140 .- 1795-990X. ; 44:1, s. 88-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective It is generally believed that professional drivers can manage quite severe fatigue before routine driving performance is affected. In addition, there are results indicating that professional drivers can adapt to prolonged night shifts and may be able to learn to drive without decreased performance under high levels of sleepiness. However, very little research has been conducted to compare professionals and non-professionals when controlling for time driven and time of day.Method The aim of this study was to use a driving simulator to investigate whether professional drivers are more resistant to sleep deprivation than non-professional drivers. Differences in the development of sleepiness (self-reported, physiological and behavioral) during driving was investigated in 11 young professional and 15 non-professional drivers.Results Professional drivers self-reported significantly lower sleepiness while driving a simulator than nonprofessional drivers. In contradiction, they showed longer blink durations and more line crossings, both of which are indicators of sleepiness. They also drove faster. The reason for the discrepancy in the relation between the different sleepiness indicators for the two groups could be due to more experience to sleepiness among the professional drivers or possibly to the faster speed, which might unconsciously have been used by the professionals to try to counteract sleepiness.Conclusion Professional drivers self-reported significantly lower sleepiness while driving a simulator than non-professional drivers. However, they showed longer blink durations and more line crossings, both of which are indicators of sleepiness, and they drove faster.
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