| 1. |
- Gärdenfors, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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The Archaeology of Teaching and the Evolution of Homo docens
- 2017
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Ingår i: Current Anthropology. - : University of Chicago Press. - 0011-3204 .- 1537-5382. ; 58:2, s. 188-201
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Teaching is present in all human societies, while within other species it is very limited. Something happened during the evolution of Homo sapiens that also made us Homo docens—the teaching animal. Based on discussions of animal and hominin learning, we analyze the evolution of intentional teaching by a series of levels that require increasing capacities of mind reading and communication on the part of the teacher and the learner. The levels of teaching are (1) intentional evaluative feedback, (2) drawing attention, (3) demonstrating, (4) communicating concepts, and (5) explaining relations between concepts. We suggest that level after level has been added during the evolution of teaching. We demonstrate how different technologies depend on increasing sophistication in the levels of cognition and communication required for teaching them. As regards the archaeological evidence for the different levels, we argue that stable transmission of the Oldowan technology requires at least teaching by demonstration and that learning the late Acheulean hand-axe technology requires at least communicating concepts. We conclude that H. docens preceded H. sapiens.
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| 2. |
- Balkenius, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Anticipation requires adaptation
- 2008
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Ingår i: Behavioral and Brain Sciences. - 1469-1825. ; 31:2, s. 199-199
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- To successfully interact with a dynamic world, our actions must be guided by a continuously changing anticipated future. Such anticipations must be tuned to the processing delays in the nervous system as well as to the slowness of the body, something that requires constant adaptation of the predictive mechanisms, which in turn require that sensory information be processed at different time-scales.
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| 3. |
- Balkenius, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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The Missing Link Between Memory and Reinforcement Learning
- 2020
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reinforcement learning systems usually assume that a value function is defined over all states (or state-action pairs) that can immediately give the value of a particular state or action. These values are used by a selection mechanism to decide which action to take. In contrast, when humans and animals make decisions, they collect evidence for different alternatives over time and take action only when sufficient evidence has been accumulated. We have previously developed a model of memory processing that includes semantic, episodic and working memory in a comprehensive architecture. Here, we describe how this memory mechanism can support decision making when the alternatives cannot be evaluated based on immediate sensory information alone. Instead we first imagine, and then evaluate a possible future that will result from choosing one of the alternatives. Here we present an extended model that can be used as a model for decision making that depends on accumulating evidence over time, whether that information comes from the sequential attention to different sensory properties or from internal simulation of the consequences of making a particular choice. We show how the new model explains both simple immediate choices, choices that depend on multiple sensory factors and complicated selections between alternatives that require forward looking simulations based on episodic and semantic memory structures. In this framework, vicarious trial and error is explained as an internal simulation that accumulates evidence for a particular choice. We argue that a system like this forms the “missing link” between more traditional ideas of semantic and episodic memory, and the associative nature of reinforcement learning.
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| 4. |
- Berggren, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Studiemedel för studiero
- 2014
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Ingår i: Helsingborgs Dagblad. - 1103-9388.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 5. |
- Brinck, Ingar, et al.
(författare)
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Co-operation and communication in apes and humans
- 2003
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Ingår i: Mind & Language. - : Wiley. - 0268-1064 .- 1468-0017. ; 18:5, s. 484-501
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We trace the difference between the ways in which apes and humans co–operate to differences in communicative abilities, claiming that the pressure for future–directed co–operation was a major force behind the evolution of language. Competitive co–operation concerns goals that are present in the environment and have stable values. It relies on either signalling or joint attention. Future–directed co–operation concerns new goals that lack fixed values. It requires symbolic communication and context–independent representations of means and goals. We analyse these ways of co–operating in game–theoretic terms and submit that the co–operative strategy of games that involve shared representations of future goals may provide new equilibrium solutions.
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| 6. |
- Bååth, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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A prototype based resonance model of rhythm categorization
- 2014
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Ingår i: i-Perception. - : SAGE Publications. - 2041-6695. ; 5:6, s. 548-558
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Categorization of rhythmic patterns is prevalent in musical practice, an example of this being the transcription of (possibly not strictly metrical) music into musical notation. In this article we implement a dynamical systems’ model of rhythm categorization based on the resonance theory of rhythm perception developed by Large (2010). This model is used to simulate the categorical choices of participants in two experiments of Desain and Honing (2003). The model accurately replicates the experimental data. Our results support resonance theory as a viable model of rhythm perception and show that by viewing rhythm perception as a dynamical system it is possible to model central properties of rhythm categorization.
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| 7. |
- Fiorini, Sandro, et al.
(författare)
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Representing part-whole relations in conceptual space
- 2014
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Ingår i: Cognitive Processing. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4782 .- 1612-4790. ; 15:2, s. 127-142
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we propose a cognitive semantic approach to represent part–whole relations. We base our proposal on the theory of conceptual spaces, focusing on prototypical structures in part–whole relations. Prototypical structures are not accounted for in traditional mereological formalisms. In our account, parts and wholes are represented in distinct conceptual spaces; parts are joined to form wholes in a structure space. The structure space allows systematic similarity judgments between wholes, taking into consideration shared parts and their configurations. A point in the structure space denotes a particular part structure; regions in the space represent different general types of part structures. We argue that the structural space can represent prototype effects: structural types are formed around typical arrangements of parts. We also show how structure space captures the variations in part structure of a given concept across different domains. In addition, we discuss how some taxonomies of part–whole relations can be understood within our framework.
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| 8. |
- Gärdenfors, Peter
(författare)
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A representation theorem for voting with logical consequences
- 2006
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Ingår i: Economics and Philosophy. - 0266-2671. ; 22:2, s. 181-190
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper concerns voting with logical consequences, which means that anybody voting for an alternative x should vote for the logical consequences of x as well. Similarly, the social choice set is also supposed to be closed under logical consequences. The central result of the paper is that, given a set of fairly natural conditions, the only social choice functions that satisfy social logical closure are oligarchic (where a subset of the voters are decisive for the social choice). The set of conditions needed for the proof include a version of Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives that also plays a central role in Arrow's impossibility theorem.
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| 9. |
- Gärdenfors, Peter
(författare)
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A semantic theory of word classes
- 2014
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Ingår i: Croatian Journal of Philosophy. - 1333-1108. ; 14:41, s. 179-194
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Within linguistics a word class is defi ned in grammatical terms as a set of words that exhibit the same syntactic properties. In this paper the aim is to argue that the meanings of different word classes can be given a cognitive grounding. It is shown that with the aid of conceptual spaces, a geometric analysis can be provided for the major word classes. A universal single-domain thesis is proposed, saying that words in all content word classes, except for nouns, refer to a single domain.
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| 10. |
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