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Sökning: hsv:(SAMHÄLLSVETENSKAP) > Licentiatavhandling > Naturvetenskap

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1.
  • Granåsen, Magdalena, 1978- (författare)
  • Exploring C2 Capability and Effectiveness in Challenging Situations : Interorganizational Crisis Management, Military Operations and Cyber Defence
  • 2019
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Modern societies are affected by various threats and hazards, including natural disasters, cyber-attacks, extreme weather events and inter-state conflicts. Managing these challenging situations requires immediate actions, suspension of ordinary procedures, decision making under uncertainty and coordinated action. In other words, challenging situations put high demands on the command and control (C2) capability. To strengthen the capability of C2, it is vital to identify the prerequisites for effective coordination and direction within the domain of interest. This thesis explores C2 capability and effectiveness in three domains: interorganizational crisis management, military command and control, and cyber defence operations. The thesis aims to answer three research questions: (1) What constitutes C2 capability? (2) What constitutes C2 effectiveness? and (3) How can C2 effectiveness be assessed? The work was carried out as two case studies and one systematic literature review. The main contributions of the thesis are the identification of perspectives of C2 capability in challenging situations and an overview of approaches to C2 effectiveness assessment. Based on the results of the three studies, six recurring perspectives of capability in the domains studied were identified: interaction (collaboration), direction and coordination, relationships, situation awareness, resilience and preparedness. In the domains there are differences concerning which perspectives that are most emphasized in order obtain C2 capability. C2 effectiveness is defined as the extent to which a C2 system is successful in achieving its intended result. The thesis discusses the interconnectedness of performance and effectiveness measures, and concludes that there is not a united view on the difference between measures of effectiveness and measures of performance. Different approaches to effectiveness assessment were identified, where assessment may be conducted based on one specific issue, in relation to a defined goal for a C2 function or using a more exploratory approach.
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2.
  • Hansson, Julia, 1978 (författare)
  • Perspectives on bioenergy futures - International bioenergy trade and bioenergy expansion in a European policy context
  • 2007
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Biomass can be used to substitute the use of fossil fuels in the energy system. Presently, the use of biomass is being promoted in Sweden and the rest of the EU by targets and policies. The overall objective of the thesis is to provide insights on selected bioenergy issues: the use of biofuels for transport versus heat and electricity, an increased international biofuels trade and other trading options for bioenergy. The first paper combines energy systems modelling and other energy system analyses in order to investigate how different policy objectives, underlying the promotion of bioenergy (cost-effective climate change mitigation, employment creation and reduced dependency on imported fossil fuels), influence the attractiveness of different bioenergy options. The Perspectives on European Energy Pathways (PEEP 1.0) model, which is a regionalized energy and transport systems model that covers the main part of EU27 (excluding Malta, Cyprus and Bulgaria), was developed to provide the cost-effectiveness perspective. The analysis shows that the different policy objectives do not seem to agree on the order of priority among bioenergy options. For example the maximization of climate benefits cost-effectively prescribes the use of lignocellulosic biomass in the stationary sector, while maximization of employment creation advocates biofuels for transport based on traditional agricultural crops.The second paper evaluates the prospects for large-scale import of biomass/biofuels to Sweden, by an assessment of selected issues judged crucial for the development of Swedish (as well as international) biomass/biofuels use and trade. The domestic bioenergy demand is expected to increase, the global supply potential is large and no major obstacles for an increasing trade of biofuels, at moderate levels, related to freight and port capacity have been indicated. Thus, besides possibly increasing costs, there seems to be no major constraints for a large-scale import of biomass/biofuels into Sweden.The third paper uses energy systems modelling (PEEP 1.1 which is a version of the PEEP model that focuses on bioenergy trade) to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different options for bioenergy trade (biofuels, CO2 credits or electricity). Given mandatory CO2 emission reductiontargets (and also in the presence of mandatory biofuels for transport targets), it is found that froman energy systems perspective both trade with biofuels and CO2 credits are cost-effective tradingoptions – while trade with biomass based electricity is not.
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3.
  • Man, Yemao, 1987 (författare)
  • Human-Machine Interface Considerations for Design and Testing in Distributed Sociotechnical Systems
  • 2015
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The increasing concerns for safety and environmental sustainability create demands on the development of future maritime transportation strategies. One way to meet these demands is the concept of autonomous unmanned vessels for intercontinental voyages. As automation is being introduced onboard and watch keeping operations being migrated to the shore, there is a risk introducing new human factor issues among the various stakeholder groups and add to the complexity of the actors’ roles. This licentiate was based on the context of an EU research project MUNIN (Maritime Unmanned Ship through Intelligence in Networks) about remote monitoring and controlling autonomous unmanned ships where the bridge and engine control room were moved from the ship to a land based control station.Human Machine Interface, as a mediating artefact in the complex system to bridge automation/engine control is of importance for situation awareness, reliability, efficiency, effectiveness, resilience and safety. The purpose of the thesis is to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the complexity of Human Machine Interface in a distributed complex system by exploring the experiences of the human agents during the designing and testing phases of a designed for purpose Human Machine Interface. The results reveal prominent human factor issues related to situation awareness and automation bias within such a complex distributed sociotechnical system, which sheds light on the design considerations of Human Machine Interface. Loss of presence can lead to critical perceptual bottlenecks which could negatively impact upon the operators; the organizational factors also greatly shape individual and team performance. It indicates that the contextual factors in the distributed sociotechnical system must be accommodated by the interface design through a holistic systemic approach. The Human Machine Interface shall not only support data visualization, but also the process and context in which data are utilized and understood for consensus decision-making.
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4.
  • von Oelreich, Jacob, 1978- (författare)
  • Shorelines of adaptation and fields of innovation : Emerging sustainability transformations in sea-level rise planning and the food system
  • 2017
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This licentiate thesis builds on the understanding that there is an urgent need for radical and systemic transformations towards sustainability in all parts of society, since current socio-ecological relations are highly unsustainable. The aim of the thesis is to explore emerging societal transformations towards strengthened sustainability through case studies within planning for sea-level rise and the food system, respectively.A warmer climate leads to rising sea levels. Although it is uncertain how fast sea levels will rise, and by how much, preparing and adapting to sea-level rise is crucial for society. The global food system is profoundly unsustainable and in need of transformations to sustainability. This thesis links two separate studies, one examining the state of planning for future sea-level rise in Swedish municipalities, the other exploring to what extent organic food initiatives can push the dominant food system in the direction of sustainability transformations. In both studies, the main methods used are qualitative interviews and document surveys.The results show that transformational change towards sustainability builds on different strategies in different fields. Whereas in planning for sea-level rise the emphasis lies on handling and adapting to one of the main impacts of climate change, rising sea levels, under conditions of uncertainty, the focus within food systems change directed at sustainability lies on creating sustainable alternatives that can challenge the dominant food regime. However, in both fields there is a need for moving from a currently dominant regime or paradigm to one characterized by sustainability and dynamic robustness, respectively. This requires a shift in understanding of socio-ecological relations, in turn connected to values and politics.Key recommendations from this thesis include that planning for sea-level rise should be guided by dynamically robust planning approaches, worst-case scenarios for future sea-level rise should be taken into account, a long-term perspective should be considered, and a national strategy for sea-level rise planning in Sweden should be developed. To strengthen the sustainability of the food system, a variety of organic food initiatives, methods and models should be encouraged, organic food initiatives should persistently strive to build niches and alliances departing from Organic 3.0 values, and as sustainability transformations require radical and systemic changes in values, governance, social practices, policies and economic structures, food systems change should be aimed accordingly.
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5.
  • Pendrill, Florence, 1983 (författare)
  • Felling Forests from Afar: Quantifying Deforestation Driven by Agricultural Expansion and International Trade
  • 2019
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Deforestation is a major source of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions and the largest threat to terrestrial biodiversity. Most forest loss is due to the expansion of agricultural land use increasingly driven by international demand for food, fuel and fibre. However, there is still limited understanding of the extent to which different agricultural commodities are contributing to deforestation. It has therefore also been difficult to evaluate the role of international trade in driving deforestation. This dissertation aims at quantifying the agricultural drivers of tropical deforestation (Papers I and II) and the associated carbon emissions (Paper III). It further assesses the role of international trade, by following the agricultural commodities with embodied deforestation through international supply chains using trade models (Papers II and III). The results show that a few commodity types, primarily cattle meat and oilseed products, account for a large part of tropical deforestation. Much (26–39%) of the embodied deforestation and concomitant emissions were found to be associated with international demand (from products and services). Looking closer at the countries that import embodied deforestation, Paper II finds that many countries that are increasing their forest cover at home, import products associated with deforestation elsewhere, thereby offsetting about a third of their forest gains. Paper III finds that imports of embodied deforestation emissions for many developed countries are similar in size to their national agricultural emissions amounting, e.g., for the EU, to around 15% of the carbon footprint of an average diet. Put together, the results add to the evidence that combating deforestation can benefit from complementing domestic policies with measures that target international demand. The results also indicate that tackling deforestation and its associated impacts at the global level is probably even more challenging than at the national level, although international trade can also provide efficiency gains by optimising land use globally.
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6.
  • Tossou, Aristide, 1989 (författare)
  • Privacy in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
  • 2017
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • An increasing number of people are using the Internet in their daily life. Indeed, more than 40% of the world population have access to the Internet, while Facebook (one of the top social network on the web) is actively used by more than 1.3 billion users each day (Statista 2017). This huge amount of customers creates an abundance of user data containing personal information. These data are becoming valuable to companies and used in various way to enrich user experience or increase revenue. This has led many citizens and politicians to be concerned about their privacy on the Internet to such an extent that the European Union issued a "Right to be Forgotten" ruling, reflecting the desire of many individuals to restrict the use of their information. As a result, many online companies pledged to collect or share user data anonymously. However, anonymisation is not enough and makes no sense in many cases. For example, an MIT graduate was able to easily re-identify the private medical data of Governor William Weld of Massachusetts from supposedly anonymous records released by the Group Insurance Commission. All she did was to link the insurance data with the publicly available voter registration list and some background knowledge (Ohm 2009). Those shortcomings have led to the development of a more rigorous mathematical framework for privacy: Differential privacy. Its main characteristic is to bound the information one can gain from released data, no matter what side information they have available. In this thesis, we present differentially private algorithms for the multi-armed bandit problem. This is a well known multi round game, that originally stemmed from clinical trials applications and is now one promising solution to enrich user experience in the booming online advertising and recommendation systems. However, as recommendation systems are inherently based on user data, there is always some private information leakage. In our work, we show how to minimise this privacy loss, while maintaining the effectiveness of such algorithms. In addition, we show how one can take advantage of the correlation structure inherent in a user graph such as the one arising from a social network.
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7.
  • Grahn, Maria, 1963 (författare)
  • Cost-effective fuel choices in the transportation sector under stringent CO2-emission reduction targets - Global energy systems modelling
  • 2006
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This thesis analyzes the worlds future energy supply in general, and cost-effective fuel choices in the transportation sector in particular, under stringent CO2 constraints. The analysis is carried out with the help of a global energy systems model (GET), developed and modified specifically for each project. GET is a linear programming model and it has three end-use sectors: electricity, heat and transportation fuel. It is set up to generate the energy supply mix that would meet exogenously given energy demand levels at the lowest global cost. This thesis consists of the following three papers (i) an analysis of why two similar global energy systems models, GET and BEAP, give different results as to whether biofuels will become cost-effective in the transportation sector, (ii) an analysis of cost effective fuel choices in a regionalized version of the GET model and (iii) an analysis of the cost dynamics in the GET model in a further developed version of the model. Conclusions drawn within the scope of this thesis are that biomass is most cost-effectively used for heat production at low CO2 taxes, up to about 75 USD/tC, as shown in both the GET and the BEAP model. The sector in which biomass is most cost-effectively used at higher CO2 taxes depends on assumed possible energy carriers and technologies. If hydrogen and/or electricity derived from carbon free energy sources will not be available in the transportation sector at sufficiently low costs, biofuels become an important option if low or zero carbon emissions are to be achieved. Thus, the long run future for the cost-effective transportation fuel choice is still in the open. Regionalizing the GET 1.0 model will not affect the overall pattern of transportation fuel choices, i.e. that gasoline/diesel remain for some decades in the transportation sector until the carbon constraint becomes increasingly stringent and that solar based hydrogen dominates by the end of this century. In paper III, we find that the required carbon tax level where biofuels become cost-efficient, compared to fossil based fuels, is evasive. The tax level moves upwards with increasing carbon taxes, since this leads to an increasing biomass primary energy price in the model.
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8.
  • Petersson, Jesper, 1974 (författare)
  • Space and Time Configurations in Telemedicine
  • 2010
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Sammanfattning: Denna licentiatavhandling är en socioteknisk och spatiotemporal studie av praktiserande av hälso‐ och sjukvård med hjälp av informations‐ och kommunikationsteknik (IKT), eller s k telemedicin. IKT förknippas ofta med möjligheten att överkomma tid och rum och tillåta åtkomst av sådant som finns någon annanstans. I den här rollen ses IKT ofta som ett instrument för att både höja kvalitet och effektivitet. Studiens utgångspunkt är dock att varken tid och rum eller kvalitet och effektivitet är fixerade enheter utan varierar med förändring av kontexten. Det första fallet studerar användandet av teleultrasonografi för fosterövervakning, d.v.s. ultraljud kopplat med möjligheten att elektroniskt transportera fosteravbildningen till olika expertcentra runtom i världen. Avhandlingen pekar på hur teleultrasonografi inte enbart kan förstås som en introduktion av ytterligare en teknisk applikation, i det här fallet för att överkomma geometrisk rymd och mekanisk tid, utan kommer att transformera aktörsroller. Särskild uppmärksammas möjliga förändringar i relationen mellan den gravida kvinnan och fostret när de blir möjliga att skilja åt genom virtualiseringen av fostret när ultrasonografi‐ och telemedicinapplikationer kopplas ihop. Studien bygger på textanalyser av vetenskapliga artiklar i internationella tidskrifter som behandlar sammankopplandet av telemedicin och ultraljud. Det andra fallet studerar olika svenska aktörer, såsom läkare, hälsoekonomer och policymakare, i deras försök att använda telemedicinapplikationer för att hantera tillgängligheten till sjukvård. Avhandlingen visar att beroende på t ex medicinsk praktik, platsen för försöken, vem som är ansvarig för projekten samt vilken innebörd ’avstånd’ ges i olika kontexter, så blir också praktiserandet av telemedicin skilda saker. Detta gör att området kan attrahera intresse från olika aktörer, men också att nationella aktörer som i telemedicin ser ett instrument för att omstrukturera svensk sjukvård upplever den som ’diffus’ och får svårigheter att styra utvecklingen i den riktning de önskar, t ex att skifta fokus från att överkomma geografiskt avstånd till att främja nya former av samarbeten inom hälso‐ och sjukvården. För att telemedicin ska kunna spela en ledande roll inom svensk hälso‐ och sjukvård är det därför nödvändigt för telemedicin att både vara anpassningsbar och heterogen, men också homogen och stabil; flytande såväl som fixerad. Det analyserade empiriska materialet består av en rad svenska aktörers publikationer om telemedicin och relaterade områden, t ex medicinska artiklar, policydokument, utvärderingar och rapporter.
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9.
  • Törnberg, Petter, 1987 (författare)
  • Innovation in Complex Adaptive Systems
  • 2014
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Our society is increasingly beset by a range of interrelated crises - with the financial crisis, the energy crisis, and the global warming crisis as leading examples - forming a "meta-crisis" with its roots in processes deeply entrenched in society (Lane et al., 2011), and emanating from large-scale complex adaptive systems so strongly interlinked that they are hard to even define and delimit. This has made our lack of understanding of such systems simultaneously more obvious and threatening, an issue further amplified by empirical developments brought about by new information and communication technology. In response to this, a substrate of semi-congruent critiques and new ideas - the former generally more articulated than the latter - are emerging in a number of major disciplines facing similar challenges, but still without the theoretical foundation needed to align and direct this substrate across disciplinary boundaries. The first part of the thesis attempts to develop such an abstraction by departing from the nature of the large-scale complex systems, concluding that the theoretical crises are founded in common difficulties in approaching the complexity of the systems under study, and attempts to provide an understanding of the challenges related to these kind of complex systems: it may be uncontroversial to suggest that the systems are complex, but it remains unclear exactly what this entails. Based on this understanding, the second part aims to show how a synthesis approach to this type of systems could look by bringing together a number of different research strands facing challenges emanating from such systems, with the goal of forming an integrated, empirically grounded and complexity-informed perspective on change in large-scale complex systems.
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10.
  • Hentati-Sundberg, Jonas, 1983- (författare)
  • Social-ecological dynamics in a highly regulated fisheries system - Sources of resilience and limits to command-and-control management
  • 2013
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Sustainable governance of natural resources is challenged by the poor understanding of complex human-nature couplings. Major advancements in resilience theory, acknowledging the importance of social-ecological linkages and the self-organizing capacity of social-ecological systems, provides a new perspective on research in sustainability science. Yet, limitations in methods and data for integrated studies of social-ecological systems limit progress in science and management. This PhD project aims to generate and test specific hypotheses building on social-ecological systems theory using a variety of methods and a long-term, multidimensional empirical dataset of the Baltic Sea social-ecological fisheries system.In paper 1, we ask which factors have impacted change in fisheries patterns in the Baltic Sea over a 15 year period, 1995-2009. We conclude that the responses of fishers are largely driven by top-down management regulations, which has favoured increasing scale of operations and specialization, and that the capacity of fishers to engage in ecosystem stewardship is low. Resilience could be enhanced through an increased focus on governance actions that can stimulate the self-organising capacity of the systemPaper 2 focuses on one particular fishery, whose long-term dynamics have been strongly driven by an ecological regime-shift in the Baltic Sea. High potential profits and weak control has raised suspicions of widespread misreporting in this fishery. By developing a new method for reconstructing catches, we suggest that under-reporting has been significant, and likely driven by high economic incentives created by ill-designed policy. This misreporting risks contributing to a negative feed-back that substantially alters   the management cycle, and thereby constitutes a part of a social-ecological trap in this fishery.The research within this project so far indicates that there are good prospects for using the Baltic Sea as case for integrated social-ecological studies, aiming at informing resilience theory. Some ideas on future direction of the research are outlined. 
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