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- Arvidsson, Klara, 1983-
(författare)
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« C'est ça, en fait. » Développer l'idiomaticité dans une L2 pendant un séjour linguistique : Trois études sur le rôle des différences individuelles
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis deals with the development of idiomaticity in French as a second language (L2). Idiomaticity in this context refers to knowledge and use of multiword expressions (MWEs), such as for example c'est ça and en fait. Developing idiomaticity is an important yet challenging aspect of L2 learning, and requires substantial exposure to the target language (TL). This makes the study abroad learning context ideal. However, research shows that learners vary considerably with respect to their linguistic development during their stay abroad. The aim of this thesis is to investigate what factors promote the development of idiomaticity in L2 French during a semester abroad. The thesis comprises three studies which are informed by usage-based approaches to language learning and individual difference research, and which include a total of 43 participants. Study I quantitatively investigates the role of quantity of TL contact for the learning of MWEs used in informal conversations. The results show that quantity of TL contact during the stay abroad did not predict the development of MWE knowledge. Study II qualitatively explores what kind of TL contact and what psychological orientation (a constellation of psychological factors) might promote MWE learning by focusing on contrasting cases of learners from Study I. The findings suggest that a relatively varied contact with the TL in combination with a favorable psychological orientation promoted MWE learning, including a self-reported tendency to notice language forms, a strong L2 motivation, a sense of self-efficacy and self-regulatory capabilities. Study III explores the role of social networks for the development of idiomaticity in spoken L2 French. It is found that the learner's repertoire of MWEs was promoted by a social network including several relationships sustained in the TL. Overall, the findings suggest that a relatively varied TL contact in combination with a favorable psychological orientation and/or a social network including TL speakers promote the development of L2 idiomaticity during the semester abroad. In other words, mere exposure to the TL does not seem to be enough to develop idiomaticity. This thesis contributes to SA research on L2 learning and can hopefully be of use to future SA participants who want to develop their knowledge and use of MWEs which are key to successful communication in an L2.
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- Brokelind, Cécile
(författare)
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Une interprétation de la directive sociétés mères et filiales du 23 juillet 1990
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- At the crossing between Community law and international tax law, this thesis analyses and compares the Member States' legislation implementing the Parent/Subsidiary Directive of 23 July 1990. Of special interest, the different levels of compliance towards Community law have been proved to be the major obstacle to the harmonisation’s process underlying in the Directive. The procedural differences due to the judicial autonomy of Member States also cause additional obstacles in the uniform application of Community Law. This Directive's major aim is to provide for a favourable environment for groups of companies settled among two or more Member States, as well as neutralise tax laws as determining the decision of investments location. Thus, taxes tradit-ionally levied by Member States on outgoing dividends are no longer permitted thanks to this Community direc-tive. Further, incoming dividends shall benefit from the parent exemption or the credit method for avoiding double taxation. However, the introduction of an anti ‘directive-shopping’ clause in the Directive has allowed Member States to adopt restrictive legislation that are discussed and criticised on the basis of the principle of proportionality. It is also discussed that this clause could be interpreted restrictively as an exception to the main rule, allowing several national laws to be challenged by Community citizen. Beyond the large interpretation difficulties linked to the comparison of the different language versions of the Directive, and due to the lack of clarity in the language used by the Community text, the major obstacle revealed by this study remains the lack of common tax policy at the European level, the Directive’s goal of tax neutrality cannot be fulfilled. It is discussed that without a complete harmonisation of both the basis and modalities for Corporate Income Tax. The conclusion of this study consists of a call for a larger harmonisation process in Corporate Income Tax law.
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- Fernandez, Virginie
(författare)
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L’émergence de la compétence collective en contextes extrêmes : le cas des équipes de secours en montagne
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Risky, emergency or disruptive contexts are all qualifiers used for so-called "extreme" contexts that are usually characterized by uncertainty, time pressure and the presence of risks and / or dangers. Many authors and practitioners believe that they have now become the new normal for many organizations. The first studies that inspired this research consider that accidents are inevitable while others, such as those involving high reliability organizations (military aircraft carriers, professional firefighters) show that some organizations sustain their operation without major accidents, despite working in these contexts. They heavily rely on teamwork: the so-called "extreme action" teams. They are made up of a small number of people with heterogeneous expertise and being immersed in risky environments to achieve the objectives assigned to them. One of the major challenges for such teams is to be able to achieve their goals while preserving their integrity, which raises the question of their ability to work together. To answer it, we drew on the field of human resources, focusing on collective competence. In fact, this theme has undergone constant development, mainly since the mid-2000s. French and English research in this area are quite complementary without necessarily engaging in dialogue with each other. The first are rather focused on the components and conditions for the emergence of collective competence, while the second identifies the performance levers of teamwork. These two fields of research highlight the role played by coordination, implicit and explicit, between actors, communication practices as well as certain traditional levers of human resources management (training, recruitment, remuneration and evaluation) in the construction of this ability to act collectively. They allow the combination of individual expertise necessary for the achievement of the mission to be carried out. They also support progress toward the goal by enabling necessary adaptations related to changes in the mission or in the natural environment. Drawing on these literatures and relying on a single case, our thesis examines the collective competence necessary for the success and reliability of extreme action teams. This research was carried out through the study of an elite mountain rescue unit, the Peloton de Gendarmerie de Haute Montagne (PGHM) in Chamonix. These teams are extreme action teams whose mission is to rescue hikers and mountaineers in the hostile mountain environment. The interviews and observations that we conducted with the PGHM as well as with the Forces Aériennes de Gendarmerie allowed us to understand how the collective competence of these action teams is built and maintained, ensuring both the safety of the members of the the team and the success of mountain rescue operations.
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