| 1. |
- Hentschel, Linn, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Humor, gender and creativity in music education
- 2020
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Ingår i: The topology of music education as a field of researches, policies and practices.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper we will discuss humor as a gendered resource which opens up spaces for creativity in music education. We will do so by re-analysing empirical material from our two doctoral dissertations focusing on music education in secondary schools in Sweden. Humor is often presented as something positive when it comes to education. Humor has for example been pointed out as a resource to create motivation within school-subjects otherwise not regarded as interesting among students. Humor has also been proven fruitful for teachers in order to create a friendly environment and to balance teachers formal position with a more familiar position. In other words, humor seems, within education, to be constructed as a resource to accomplish different educational goals within the classroom. In this paper though, we will discuss difficulties to keep in mind when humor appears in students interactions within the music-classroom. In the following we will draw the attention to some themes we want to discuss which have become visible in our material. When it comes to gender, humor does not seem to be a neutral resource. In studies conducted within the secondary school music-education, humor seems to be more frequently used to express masculinity. Students positioned as boys are also more expected to be humoristic and make jokes than students positioned as girls. Similarly, in research regarding the humor-business, humor seems to represent a masculine domain. Even if this is a hierarchical order that seems to change, it is a discourse that is still being reproduced and thus still have a possible explanatory power. Humor as a masculine domaine is in the material also apparent as students positioned as boys expressing humor are not being questioned, which is the case among students positioned as girls. Language creates binaries. These binaries are contextual and changes over time but are however inevitably producing positions in the particular context. Humor is in our material frequently constructed as the opposite to seriousity. This does not mean that making jokes could not be “serious business”, but rather that the distance to seriousity in itself could be used in interaction to create space, which we would like to discuss in terms of creativity. Making jokes in the different music classrooms can function as resources to create distance to seriousity. In other words, making jokes makes it possible to express yourself in otherwise not socially accepted ways without being criticized. When draped in humor, expressions such as sexism, violence, racism, homofobia etcetera could be articulated and yet not followed by criticism. Even if this could be understood as a somewhat negative way of using humor, it points towards the creative potential that comes with humor in social interaction. This kind of creativity is primarily connected to the positioning work that is being done in interactions. Even creativity connected to musical expression is, following our material, facilitated by expressions of humor. Singing in different ways in order to make other people laugh is connected to breaking (and thus at the same time expressing) musical conventions in different contexts. Singing in a funny playful way can also be used as a didactic method to encourage pupils to sing, or as a positive approach during the rehearsal phases of musical processes in school. In secondary school music classrooms the demands from public policy to teach creativity in music is not seldomly done by letting students write songs. In our material we have studied an example in which the students are seriously engaged in expressing humor within their composing. We will argue that this kind of humor increases creativity. Attempting to be humoristic can in other words be very closely connected to creativity. Humor could also be understood in negative terms, not in what it produces in terms of creativity in order to make a joke, but rather in what or who is the aim of the joke. Something or someone is always pointed out in jokes. Jokes have, in other words, a normative effect. In our material making jokes could be used to legitimize pointing out someone's mistakes for example, even if teasing is not socially accepted within the classroom. Finally, these different aspects of humor combined creates different opportunities for musical creativity within music education. These differences are, we argue, important to consider when using humor as a didactic resource.
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| 2. |
- Appelgren, Alva, et al.
(författare)
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Tuning in on motivation : Differences between non-musicians, amateurs, and professional musicians
- 2019
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : SAGE Publications. - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087. ; 47:6, s. 864-873
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The drive to learn and engage in music varies among individuals. Global motivation to do something can be intrinsic, for example, the joy and satisfaction in an activity. But motivation behind our action can also be extrinsic, such as the desire for fame, status or increased financial resources. The type of motivation probably influences to what degree individuals engage in musical activities. In this study, we examined the associations between the level of musical engagement and self-rated global motivation, factoring in age and sex, in a sample of 5,435 individuals. Musical engagement ranged from no music activity to amateurs and professional musicians. We found that intrinsic motivation increases with level of music activity and that motivation differs depending on sex, with females scoring higher on intrinsic motivation than males. Such differences may be considered in adjusting the forms of support offered to young musicians in music education. The phenomenon of motivation is complex, and we have highlighted areas that require further investigation, but this study has elucidated some differences in motivation types found in men and women, and between non-musicians, amateurs and professional musicians.
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| 3. |
- Backman Bister, Anna, 1976-
(författare)
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Spelets regler : En studie av ensembleundervisning i klass
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this study is to explore criteria characterizing music teacher’s strategies when trying to adapt their teaching to individual students. The interaction of three music teachers with their students was explored in case studies in different parts of Sweden (a pre-study, and the main study consisting of two parallel studies). The research interest especially concerns teaching class ensemble addressing teenagers in the tuition provided under the curriculum of Swedish secondary and upper secondary school. This study adopts the perspective of cultural psychology according to which learning is understood as being relational, taking place in a cultural context, depending on available cultural resources and affected by it. Cultural tools are considered mediators of meaning and crucial for learning. Of special interest to the present study are the ways in which teachers distribute knowledge to their students.Many-sided data were collected in all case studies: series of lessons were observed and video-documented; preliminary results were followed up in semi-structured interviews with the teachers, respectively.The results show similarities in the use of general strategies; e.g. peer-teaching and -learning in the classroom and flexibility in using and developing cultural tools. Results also show three diverging practices; rehearsal-room practice, supervisor-practice and ensemble-leading-practice.The results are discussed from a societal perspective, in light of Swedish School history. Issues concerning the government of the School and equivalence are addressed. An unexpected result is that the concept “individually adapted ensemble teaching” may be understood very differently among music teachers actively involved in teachers’ education. The need for development of professional concepts is further underlined by the findings that teachers develop new cultural tools within different practices. This is discussed related to the framing of the central curricula.
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| 4. |
- Bojner Horwitz, Eva
(författare)
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Compassion embodied and the arts
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Out of our bodies means out of our minds. The way we perceive and make sense of the world is a function not only of our brain's cognitive function but also of our sensory and motor functions as well. The term embodiment is used to describe the ways in which cognition has its basis in the physical body, and the definition is built up from a theoretical focus according to Niedenthal et al (2005) on the brain´s modality-specific systems that are constituted by, first, the sensory systems, which regulates perception of a current situation, and second, the motor systems, which make action possible, and finally the introspective systems, which govern cognitive operations and conscious experiences of emotion. The Arts incorporate these three systems, and currently there is a growing interest in how different artistic activities i.e. music and dance can enhance empathy and compassion in working environments, where wellbeing and successful leadership can grow. From systematic reviews, we know that we need more specific organisational interventions targeting psychosocial factors building on psychosomatic theory and more likely, these interventions should be grounded in the physical body (embodied) and linked to compassion to be able to better protect emotional exhaustion. So, how could we develop compassion embodied skills in our work places, in a more practical manner, and where does the art come in?
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| 5. |
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Explorativ bildning i strömmande medier : Spotify som ett case
- 2020
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vilka bildningsprocesser kan urskiljas ur människors Spotifyanvändande? Det visar sig att ett sådant användande är tätt sammanflätat med musikalisk- såväl som digital kunskap. Med ett fokus på de bildningsprocesser som sker i samspelet mellan människa, teknik och musik utmanas förståelsen av vad en strömmande musiktjänst som Spotify kan erbjuda.”Evolving Bildung in the nexus of streaming services, art and users – Spotify as a case” är ett tvärdisciplinärt projekt som visar hur människans bildningsprocesser villkoras, utmanas och möjliggörs i och med den strömmande medieutvecklingen. Denna bok kan med fördel användas inom utbildningar i musikpedagogik, musikvetenskap, musikproduktion, ljudteknik, pedagogik, kulturstudier, sociologi, samt medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap.
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| 6. |
- Falthin, Annika
(författare)
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Meningserbjudanden och val : en studie om musicerande i musikundervisning på högstadiet
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- AbstractAffordance and choice: performing music in lower secondary schoolThe purpose of this study is to elucidate affordances and meaning-making processes where students in Compulsory lower secondary education learn to play music together in music class. The data consists of a series of observed music lessons, performances and stimulated recall interviews in two 8th form classes, video recorded in the course of one term.The analysis focuses on students’ and their teacher’s musical interaction and sign making during music class. In order to explore multimodal aspects of sign making in teaching and learning, the study rests on a theoretical framework of social-semiotic multimodality and design theory of learning. Nine students, strategically selected, were observed more frequently than the rest. Excerpts of their singing and playing music on different occasions were transcribed into scores in which musical notation together with other graphic signs and written descriptions represent the events. The scores visualise mul- timodal aspects of musical interaction, which made a 'fine grained' analysis of meaning-making processes possible. Further, an analysis was made of how the students and their teacher expressed themselves about the playing and learning and how this related to their observed actions.The result reveals how the teacher’s physical and verbal communicative sign combinations and choice of repertoire conveyed several layers of mean- ing by means of instructions for playing and by references to different dis- courses and genres. During lessons the principle of recognition was present in all of the teacher's sign making but it might be expressed in different modes including expected actions that surprised, amused and helped students to link different musical parameters together. Through transmodal transla- tions of the teacher’s signs, students, linked short fragments of their parts together, and taking turns with the teacher, made longer musical lines. It was found that students’ activities and utterances indicated that a shared sense of meaning and acceptance took precedence over personal musical wishes and preferences.The study contributes to a close insight and understanding of how young people's meaning-making processes may be manifested in music 'teaching- and-learning' in heterogeneous classes, as well as of the significance of teachers’ sign-making in that process. The results of the study warrant a discussion of how musical learning is made possible and is restricted de- pending on how music teaching in schools is designed.Keywords: music teaching, musical interaction, meaning making, semiotic resources, re-design, transmodality, dialogue
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| 7. |
- Falthin, Annika
(författare)
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Musik som nav i skolredovisningar
- 2011
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Music as a hub in school presentationsThe aim of the study is to elucidate how making meaning is constituted when lower secondary pupils play music when giving accounts of other school subjects than music. The empirical material consists of four presenta- tions in the subjects of physics, religion and Swedish, which were filmed during ordinary lessons in a lower secondary school. In addition the data consists of nine filmed stimulated recall interviews with the pupils and their teachers, which were also filmed.Social semiotic multimodality constitutes the study’s theoretical and methodological point of departure. The perspective enables investigation of the pupils’ playing of music and music in its multimodal context, and of how different dimensions of meaning are constructed. The filmed presentations were transcribed into music scores in order to visualise the multimodal events of the presentations. Three different categories of meaning were used, ideational, interpersonal and textual meaning, to analyse how music relates to other modes of communication.The results show how the temporal functions of music serve as frame- work and motor, what the music narrates in relation to the subject content and what interpersonal relations the music communicates. The young peo- ple’s knowledge of music manifests itself in the different accounts as an ability to use and adapt musical knowledge to a context where another sub- ject than music is in focus. The presentations of Swedish are travesties of well-known songs and the pupils stick to the given form. In the other presen- tations the pupils themselves had compiled the music and the result was a form of musical works where the music does not follow any model or certain genre. The informants think that this working method implies that the work is experienced as meaningful both to themselves and to the audience.
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