| 1. |
- Bengtsson, Tommy, et al.
(författare)
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The Late Emergence of the Socioeconomic Gradient in Adult Mortality: An Urban Phenomenon?
- 2024
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Ingår i: Urban Lives. An Industrial City and Its People During the Twentieth Century. - 9780197761090 - 9780197761113 - 9780197761120 ; , s. 281-306
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has shown that class differences in adult mortality in the study area emerged only in the mid-twentieth century. Such findings question a universal association between socioeconomic status and mortality. This chapter examines whether these class differences in adult mortality emerged at the same time in urban as in rural areas. The analysis shows that the social class gradient in mortality was more pronounced in the urban than in the rural area, and hence that it was primarily an urban phenomenon. The urban mortality penalty in the study area lasted considerably longer than has been found for Sweden as a whole, but presumably with changing explanations over time. In the early twentieth century, the higher urban mortality was probably connected to poor living conditions in the city, while in the late twentieth century it was likely more related to differences in lifestyle and possibly work-related stress.
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| 2. |
- Brea-Martinez, Gabriel, et al.
(författare)
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Economic Inequality and Social Mobility
- 2024
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Ingår i: Urban Lives. An Industrial City and Its People During the Twentieth Century. - 9780197761090 - 9780197761113 - 9780197761120 ; , s. 82-114
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter analyzes the long-term development of income inequality and social mobility. During the twentieth century Landskrona experienced a dramatic socioeconomic transformation that shaped economic inequality and social mobility. There were three main phases in the development of socioeconomic disparities, which reflect development at the national level. The first phase (1905–1930) saw high and fluctuating levels of economic inequality resulting from economic fluctuations relating to industrialization. During the second phase (1930–1969), inequality declined, following national development in terms of social and economic policy. During the last phase (1970–2015), Landskrona experienced economic crisis and deindustrialization marked by an increase in unemployment and a negative migratory balance. When the whole country was affected by new economic policies and a financial crisis in the early 1990s, inequality started to increase steadily until the 2010s, when it reached the same level as before World War II.
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| 3. |
- Dribe, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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The Industrial City and Its People: Summary and Conclusion
- 2024
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Ingår i: Urban Lives. An Industrial City and Its People During the Twentieth Century. - 9780197761090 - 9780197761113 - 9780197761120 ; , s. 339-352
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter presents and discusses the main findings and conclusions of the volume and puts them into a broader perspective. Taken together, the different chapters contribute to closing the gap between historical studies based on parish records and contemporary research based on full-count registers or detailed surveys. The volume thereby fleshes out the narrative of twentieth-century demographic, social, and economic history by focusing on the individual level. This approach has rarely been taken in previous research over such a long period of time due to lack of high-quality micro-level data. The findings demonstrate how the behavior of individuals and families was conditioned by the larger societal transformations of the twentieth century; transformations broadly associated with industrialization, post-industrialization, and the emergence and culmination of the welfare state. The rise and fall of the industrial city had far-reaching effects on some patterns of behavior while leaving few traces in others.
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| 4. |
- Dribe, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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The Effect of Parental Loss on Social Mobility in Early Twentieth-Century Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Demography. - : Duke University Press. - 0070-3370 .- 1533-7790. ; 59:3, s. 1093-1115
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Parents are assumed to play a crucial role in the socioeconomic attainment of children. Through investments of both time and resources, they promote the ability, human capital, networks, and motivation of their children to advance socially, or at least to maintain their social position. Consequently, losing a parent in childhood could be detrimental to adult socioeconomic outcomes. We use full-count linked census data and a comprehensive death register to study the effect of parental loss on socioeconomic outcomes in adulthood in Sweden during the first half of the twentieth century. We employ sibling fixed-effects models and the Spanish flu as an exogenous mortality shock to assess the importance of endogeneity bias in associations between parental loss and socioeconomic outcomes. Maternal death led to worse socioeconomic outcomes in adulthood in terms of occupational and class attainment, as well as for social mobility. The effects seem to be causal but the magnitudes were small. For paternal death, we find no consistent pattern, and in most models there was no effect on sons’ socioeconomic outcomes. The patterns were similar for sons and daughters and do not support the theory that parental loss had important negative effects on socioeconomic outcomes in adulthood.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Dribe, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Is it who you are or where you live? Community effects on net fertility at the onset of fertility decline: A multilevel analysis using Swedish micro-census data
- 2015
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Ingår i: Population Space and Place. - : Wiley. - 1544-8452 .- 1544-8444. ; online: 15 Oct 2015
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies contextual effects on fertility at the onset of fertility decline in Sweden. We argue that the community exerts an influence on fertility when individuals belonging to a certain community are more similar to one another (within-area) in their reproductive behaviour than individuals living in another community (between-area). Our hypotheses are that community had a strong influence in the past but that it decreased over time as more individualistic values grew in importance. We expect that the community exerted a greater impact in the low socioeconomic groups as the elite were less constrained by proximity and, therefore, more exposed to new ideas crossing community borders. Using micro-census data from 1880, 1890, and 1900, we use multilevel analysis to estimate measures of intra-class correlation within areas. We measure net fertility by the number of own children under five living in the household to currently married women with their spouses present. Parish is used as proxy for community. Our results indicate that despite average differences in fertility across parishes, the correlation between individuals belonging to the same community is less than 2.5%, that is, only a negligible share of the number of children observed is attributable to true community effects. Contrary to our expectation, we do not find any substantial change over time. However, as expected, community has a greater impact in the low socioeconomic groups. Our findings suggest that it is who you are rather than where you live which explains fertility behaviour during the initial stages of the transition
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| 7. |
- Dribe, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Korrelations- och regressionsanalys
- 2018
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Ingår i: Metod. Guide för historiska studier. - 9789144107943 ; , s. 213-240
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Molitoris, Joseph, et al.
(författare)
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Industrialization and inequality revisited: Mortality differentials and vulnerability to economic stress in Stockholm, 1878-1926.
- 2016
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Ingår i: European Review of Economic History. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1474-0044 .- 1361-4916. ; 20:2, s. 176-197
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work combines economic and demographic data to examine inequality of living standards in Stockholm at the turn of the twentieth century. Using a longitudinal population register with occupational information, we utilize event-history models to show that despite absolute decreases in mortality, relative differences between socioeconomic groups remained virtually constant. The results also show that child mortality continued to be sensitive to short-term fluctuations in wages and that there were no socioeconomic differences in this response. We argue that the persistent inequality in living standards was possibly due to differences in residential patterns and nutrition.
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| 10. |
- Molitoris, Joseph, et al.
(författare)
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Ready to stop: Socioeconomic status and the fertility transition in Stockholm, 1878-1926
- 2016
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Ingår i: Economic History Review. - : Wiley. - 1468-0289 .- 0013-0117. ; 69:2, s. 679-704
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The western fertility decline is arguably the most significant demographic change to have occurred in the past 200 years, yet its causes and processes are still shrouded in ambiguity due to a lack of individual-level longitudinal data. A growing body of research has helped improve our understanding of the decline's causes by examining the development of socioeconomic differences in fertility using historical micro-data, but these have largely only considered rural areas where fertility was generally slower to decline. This article contributes to the literature by utilizing individual-level data from the Roteman Database for Stockholm, Sweden between 1878 and 1926 to examine the association of socioeconomic status and fertility and the adoption of stopping behaviour during the city's transition. Using piecewise constant hazard models and logistic regression, we find that a clear class pattern arises in which the elite were early practitioners of fertility control, followed by the working classes. As the transition unfolded, socioeconomic differences in stopping behaviour disappeared and overall fertility differentials were also minimized, both of them being consistent with patterns observed in rural populations. The implications of these findings for major explanations of the decline are discussed in the concluding section.
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