| 1. |
- Lundmark, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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On the green transformation of the iron and steel industry: Market and competition aspects of hydrogen and biomass options
- 2024
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The iron and steel industry is a major emitter of carbon dioxide globally. To reduce their carbon footprint, the iron and steel industry pursue different decarbonization strategies, including deploying bio-based materials and energy carriers for reduction, carburisation and/or energy purposes along their value-chains. In this study two potential roles for biomass were analysed: (a) substituting for fossil fuels in iron-ore pellets induration and (b) carburisation of DRI (direct reduced iron) produced via fully hydrogen-based reduction. The purpose of the study was to analyse the regional demand-driven price and allocative effects of biomass assortments under different biomass demand scenarios for the Swedish iron and steel industry. Economic modelling was used in combination with spatial biomass supply assessments to predict the changes on relevant biomass markets. The results showed that the estimated demand increases for forest biomass will have significant regional price effects. Depending on scenario, the biomass demand will increase up to 25 percent, causing regional prices to more than doubling. In general, the magnitude of the price effects was driven by the volumes and types of biomasses needed in the different scenarios, with larger price effects for harvesting residues and industrial by-products compared to those of roundwood. A small price effect of roundwood means that the incentives for forest-owners to increase their harvests, and thus also the availability of harvest residues, are small. Flexibility in the feedstock sourcing (both regarding quality and geographic origin) will thus be important if forest biomass is to satisfy demands in iron and steel industry.
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| 2. |
- Lundmark, Robert
(författare)
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Understanding transaction costs of energy efficiency renovations in the Swedish residential sector
- 2024
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Ingår i: Energy Efficiency. - : Springer Nature. - 1570-646X .- 1570-6478. ; 17:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The residential sector has a large potential to reduce its energy use. Improving the energy performance of buildings is one way to realise this potential. For single-family buildings, improving the energy efficiency by energy renovations can produce a net financial gain. However, there are unaccounted barriers that act as impediments for house-owners to undertake energy efficiency measures. This study postulates that transaction costs are such a barrier. Transaction costs are defined as the cost of making an economic exchange on a market in addition to the market price. The purpose is to empirically estimate the magnitude of the transactions costs and its determinants for energy efficiency measures in the residential sector. Specifically, the transaction costs for heat insulation and energy-saving windows in Swedish single-family buildings are assessed. The analysis is based on a unique dataset, constructed from a web-based survey. The results indicate that transaction costs for energy efficiency measures are considerable. The average transaction cost to make additional heat insulation is SEK 18,046 (EUR 1,510) and SEK 21,106 (EUR 1,766) to install energy-saving windows. The determinants of the transaction costs are cognitive limitations, social connectedness, asset specificity and previous experiences. Therefore, to reduce the transaction costs, the complexity of energy efficiency measures must be addressed, potential opportunistic behaviour must be reduced, and financial options expanded.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Blomberg, Jerry, et al.
(författare)
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Energy efficiency and policy in Swedish pulp and paper mills : a data envelopment analysis approach
- 2012
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 42, s. 569-579
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper provides an empirical assessment of the electricity efficiency improvement potential in the Swedish pulp and paper industry by employing data envelopment analysis (DEA) and mill-specific input and output data for the years 1995, 2000 and 2005. The empirical results are discussed in relation to the reported outcomes of the Swedish voluntary energy efficiency programme PFE. The estimated electricity efficiency gap is relatively stable over the time period; it equals roughly 1 TWh per year for the sample mills and this is three times higher than the corresponding self-reported electricity savings in PFE. This result is largely a reflection of the fact that in the pulp and paper industry electricity efficiency improvements are typically embodied in the diffusion of new capital equipment, and there is a risk that some of the reported measures in PFE simply constitute an inefficient speed-up of capital turnover. The above does not preclude, though, that many other measures in PFE may have addressed some relevant market failures and barriers in the energy efficiency market. Overall the analysis suggests that future energy efficiency programs could plausibly be better targeted at explicitly promoting technological progress as well as at addressing the most important information and behaviour-related failures.
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| 8. |
- Brockwell, Erik, 1985-
(författare)
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State and industrial actions to influence consumer behavior
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of an introductory part and three papers.Paper [I] examines how taxes affect consumption of commodities that are detrimental to health and the environment. Specifically, this paper examines if a tax increase leads to a significantly larger change in consumption than a producer price change, which is referred to as the signaling effect from taxation. The analysis uses aggregated cross-sectional time series data and information on major legislation introductions in Sweden, Denmark and the United Kingdom from 1970 to 2009. We find the main result to be that the signaling effect is significant for “Electricity” in Sweden and Denmark and significant for “Electricity” and “Petrol” in the United Kingdom.Paper [II] examines how sin taxation changes long-term consumer behavior regarding commodities which are deemed harmful for both health and the environment. These include tobacco, alcoholic beverages, sugar and confectionary, household energy, and motor fuel. Specifically, we examine the signaling effect from taxation which is seen if a tax increase leads to a significantly larger change in consumption than a producer price change. The empirical analysis is conducted by a US panel data study, during the period 1988-2012 for the four US census regions, using the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS). We find the main result to be that the signaling effect from taxation is significant for tobacco as well as for electricity and motor fuel. Paper [III] examines state and industry responses on consumption of cigarettes and petroleum in the United States from 1998-2012. Upon facing consumption choices, the consumer faces two competing sets of messages, one from the government and another from the industry. The objective of the state is to steer consumption in the right direction due to the harmful effects from consumption and asymmetric information among consumers. This is done mainly via taxation and state media expenditures. The industry, on the other hand, seeks to incentivize the public to ignore or reject state research and signals as well as maximizing net economic returns. This is mainly done via industry media and lobbying expenditures. We find that the main results indicate, for cigarettes, industrial media and lobbying expenditure is statistically significant on consumption. For petroleum, we find that producer prices, state media expenditure, and industrial lobbying expenditure are statistically significant on consumption.
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| 9. |
- Brolund, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Bioenergy innovations and their determinants: A negative binominal count data analysis
- 2014
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Ingår i: Drewno. - 1644-3985. ; 57:192, s. 41-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The research employed a negative binominal count data model approach to analyse the determinants of bioenergy innovations with a special focus on the effect of energy and climate policies. A panel of 14 OECD countries were analysed using patent counts for the period 1978-2009 as a proxy for innovations. The policies examined were feed-in tariffs, quota obligations and different types of investment support schemes. The study found that feed-in tariffs affected innovation positively but quota obligations did not. The results regarding investment support programs were ambiguous since the dummy variable representing strong investment policies was statistically significant whereas the continuous variable for investment support schemes was not. Another finding was that electricity prices seemed to be an important determinant of innovation and that the accumulated stock of knowledge in the bioenergy sector also had a positive impact on bioenergy innovation.
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| 10. |
- Brolund, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Environmental Regulation Stringency on the Pulp and Paper Industry
- 2017
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 9:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article investigates whether environmental regulations have affected productivity development and technological change in the European pulp and paper industry. A dynamic panel data approach is selected for analyzing a sample consisting of the pulp and paper industries in eight European countries. Industry total factor productivity for the period 1993–2009 is used as the dependent variable; it is explained by the intensities of environmental regulations for various types of pollutants, as well as by a number of other independent variables. The econometric results indicate that the regulation of nitrogen oxides is associated with productivity improvements with a one-year lag, whereas regulations regarding sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide have not had any statistically significant impact. In line with the a priori expectations, the price of pulp is connected to a negative effect, while lagged R&D expenditures have had corresponding positive impacts. However, since stationary tests are asymptotic and the data series are quite short, strong conclusions regarding the actual causal effect of environmental policy could not be drawn. The results could therefore not be viewed as a proof of the so-called strong Porter hypothesis postulating that stringent well-designed environmental regulations increase productivity growth compared to a no-policy scenario.
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