| 1. |
- Hultman, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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A Resourcification Manifesto: Understanding the Social Process of Resources Becoming Resources
- 2021
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333. ; 50:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In times of major global interconnectedness and environmental change, the pressure to identify, create, and exploit new resources is certain to intensify. Given that there are unavoidable trade-offs, conflicts, and arenas for violence involved when increasingly more material and immaterial things are turned into resources, we call for explicit research on the very process – a process that we label resourcification. The concept of resourcification shifts attention from essentialist queries about the nature of resources to a focus on the social processes through which things are turned into resources. In search of a better understanding of resources in the Anthropocene and, in particular, an understanding about the way resources emerge and are used, resourcification offers a new conceptual framework that allows for a systematic search for knowledge about the diversity of contexts, conditions, modes, and temporalities of resourcification. This Resourcification Manifesto offers a theoretical and empirical framework for a radical and disruptive approach to innovation, sustainability, and management studies and policies.
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| 2. |
- Agrell, Erik, 1965
(författare)
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Kryptovalutor – energiförbrukning och miljöeffekter
- 2023
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Ingår i: En samhällsvetenskaplig introduktion till bitcoin och kryptovalutor.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Detta kapitel fokuserar på bitcoins elförbrukning och även, i ett bredare perspektiv, annan miljöpåverkan. Efter en kort inledning i avsnitt 4.1 redovisas i avsnitt 4.2 några försök att uppskatta hur stor elförbrukningen egentligen är, och vilka källor till osäkerhet som finns i sådana uppskattningar. Motsvarande uppskattning av klimatskadliga utsläpp redovisas i avsnitt 4.3. Siffrorna sätts i perspektiv med några jämförelser i avsnitt 4.4. Utvecklingen över tid illustreras i avsnitt 4.5 och därmed kopplingen till bitcoinpriset. Miljöfrågan breddas till ett livscykelperspektiv i avsnitt 4.6, där produktion och skrotning av den specialtillverkade elektronik som används i bitcoinfabrikerna diskuteras. I avsnitt 4.7 ställs sedan den naturliga frågan: Vad finns det för alternativ? Kapitlet avslutas med några övergripande reflektioner i avsnitt 4.8.
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| 3. |
- Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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The significance of climate variability on early modern European grain prices
- 2022
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Ingår i: Cliometrica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1863-2505 .- 1863-2513. ; 16, s. 29-77
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Grain was the most important food source in early modern Europe (c. 1500-1800), and its price influenced the entire economy. The extent to which climate variability determined grain price variations remains contested, and claims of solar cycle influences on prices are disputed. We thoroughly reassess these questions, within a framework of comprehensive statistical analysis, by employing an unprecedentedly large grain price data set together with state-of-the-art palaeoclimate reconstructions and long meteorological series. A highly significant negative grain price-temperature relationship (i.e. colder = high prices and vice versa) is found across Europe. This association increases at larger spatial and temporal scales and reaches a correlation of -0.41 considering the European grain price average and previous year June-August temperatures at annual resolution, and of -0.63 at decadal timescales. This strong relationship is of episodic rather than periodic (cyclic) nature. Only weak and spatially inconsistent signals of hydroclimate (precipitation and drought), and no meaningful association with solar variations, are detected in the grain prices. The significant and persistent temperature effects on grain prices imply that this now rapidly changing climate element has been a more important factor in European economic history, even in southern Europe, than commonly acknowledged.
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| 4. |
- Yeh, Sonia, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Tradable performance standards in the transportation sector
- 2021
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Ingår i: Energy Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0140-9883 .- 1873-6181. ; 102
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Performance standards have a long history in environmental policy. A performance standard sets a standard of technology performance but leaves technology choice to producers; it increases the relative costs of technologies with undesirable performance characteristics and lowers the costs of technologies with desirable characteristics. The primary motivations are to promote innovation, to address consumers' undervaluation of efficiency, and to reduce externalities, such as air pollution and the risks of dependence on foreign oil. In the past decade, trading has been incorporated (thus termed as tradable performance standard, TPS) into several U.S. transportation programs: regulations for greenhouse gas emissions from passenger cars and trucks (national), zero-emission vehicle programs (10 states), the Renewable Fuel Standard (national), and low-carbon fuel standards (two states). TPS allows for equalization of marginal costs across eligible technologies and is therefore more efficient than pure regulations. We show that sectoral TPS programs have high credit prices but low price effects on products and provide strong incentives for upstream innovation and technology transformation. Unlike emissions pricing, however, they do not have a strong output effect: consumers do not bear the full cost of the pollution and do not have incentive to reduce consumption of polluting products. Given that the expected carbon price may be too low to substantially affect transportation demand or technology change, combining TPS with a carbon price may be necessary to drive innovation and achieve a sustained low-carbon transformation in the sector.
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| 5. |
- Beier, Ulrika, et al.
(författare)
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Fisk och fiske i Mälaren
- 2015
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Nära en tredjedel av Sveriges befolkning bor i Mälardalen. Mälaren är Sveriges tredje största sjö och en av de artrikaste beträffande fisk. Sjön är både flikig och mångsidig. Ömsom kantas den av slätter med intensivt jordbruk och stora vassområden, ömsom av karga klippor och grusstränder. Här finns omväxlande små och stora öar, grunda vikar, trånga sund och stora, djupa fjärdar. Mälaren har förorenats under århundraden och är fortfarande delvis övergödd. Trots det tjänar den som landets största dricksvattentäkt. Två miljoner människor får dricksvatten från Mälaren. Länge har fokus varit på sjöns vattenkvalitet, både för att dricka och bada i. Mälaren är också viktig som fiskesjö. Fiske i Mälaren innebär oftast rekreation men sjön försörjer också cirka trettio yrkesfiskare. Sist men inte minst - fisken i Mälaren är en viktig del i dess ekosystem. Genom näringsväven återkopplar fisken oundvikligen till vattnets kvalitet. I den här rapporten vill vi sätta Mälarens fisk i fokus. Vi ska berätta om fiskarter som är viktiga för ekosystemet och fisket samt om hur fisken i Mälaren undersöks.
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| 6. |
- Blum, Matthias, et al.
(författare)
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A sustainable century : genuine savings in developing and developed countries, 1900-2000
- 2017
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Ingår i: National wealth. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780198803720 - 9780191844119 ; , s. 89-113
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter traces the long-run development of genuine savings (GS) during the twentieth century using a panel of developed countries (Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, France, the US, and Australia) and resource-abundant countries in Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico) representing approximately 50% of the world’s output in terms of GDP by 1950. It includes large economies and small open economies, and resource-rich and resource-scarce countries, allowing comparison of their historical experiences. Components of GS considered include physical and human capital as well as resource extraction and pollution damages. Generally, there is evidence of positive GS over the course of the twentieth century, although the two world wars and the Great Depression left considerable marks, but also striking differences between Latin American and developed countries when total factor productivity is included; this could be a signal of natural resource curse or technological gaps unnoticed in previous works.
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| 7. |
- Ducoing, Cristian, et al.
(författare)
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How to handle natural capital within the context of the green economy?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Handbook of Green Economics. - 9780128166444 - 9780128166352 ; , s. 19-30
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Natural capital is one of the most controversial measures in current models of economic development. Sustainability challenges of our time are related with measuring Nature as economic value. How to measure the inputs that do not have a clear market price? How to measure ecosystems and noncultivable land? How to introduce these elements in our National Accounts? In this chapter, the main elements of the theory behind natural capital are reviewed, and the available measures are presented and criticized. The chapter concludes with some suggestions to adequate wealth measures with the inclusion of natural capital as economic input.
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| 8. |
- Ramea, Kalai, et al.
(författare)
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Integration of behavioral effects from vehicle choice models into long-term energy systems optimization models
- 2018
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Ingår i: Energy Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0140-9883 .- 1873-6181. ; 74, s. 663-676
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Long-term energy systems models have been used extensively in energy planning and climate policy analysis. However, specifically in energy systems optimization models, heterogeneity of consumer preferences for competing energy technologies (e.g., vehicles), has not been adequately represented, leading to behaviorally unrealistic modeling results. This can lead to policy analysis results that are viewed by stakeholders as clearly deficient. This paper shows how heterogeneous consumer behavioral effects can be introduced into these models in the form of perceived disutility costs, to more realistically capture consumer choice in making technology purchase decisions. We developed a novel methodology that incorporates the theory of a classic consumer choice model into a commonly used long-term energy systems modeling framework using a case study of light-duty vehicles. A diverse set of consumer segments (thirty-six) is created to represent observable, identifiable differences in factors such as annual driving distances and attitude towards risks of new technology. Non-monetary or “disutility” costs associated with these factors are introduced to capture the differences in preferences across consumer segments for various technologies. We also create clones within each consumer segment to capture randomly distributed unobservable differences in preferences. We provide and review results for a specific example that includes external factors such as recharging/refueling station availability, battery size of electric vehicles, recharging time and perceived technology risks. Although the example is for light-duty vehicles in the US using a specific modeling system, this approach can be implemented more broadly to model the adoption of consumer technologies in other sectors or regions in similar energy systems modeling frameworks.
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| 9. |
- Wahde, Mattias, 1969
(författare)
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Pattern sets for financial prediction: A follow-up
- 2018
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Ingår i: Studies in Computational Intelligence. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1860-9503 .- 1860-949X. ; 751, s. 1-14
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- As a follow-up to an earlier investigation, a true forward test has been carried out by applying a previously developed financial predictor (in the form of a so called pattern set, optimized using an evolutionary algorithm) to a new data set, involving data for 200 stocks and covering a time period from February 2016 to the end of that year. Despite being applied to previously unseen data, the pattern set generated a set of trades with an average one-day return of 0.394%. Moreover, the pattern set’s total trading return (excluding transaction costs) over the entire period covered by the new data, when applied as a trading strategy with a simple m–day holding period for each trade, was 15.9% for m = 1, 24.9% for m = 3, and 61.6% for m = 6, compared to 16.2% for the benchmark index (S & P 500) over the same period.
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| 10. |
- Stoddard, Isak, et al.
(författare)
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Three Decades of Climate Mitigation: Why Haven't We Bent the Global Emissions Curve?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Annual Review of Environment and Resources. - : Annual Reviews. - 1543-5938 .- 1545-2050. - 9780824323462 ; 46, s. 653-689
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite three decades of political efforts and a wealth of research on the causes and catastrophic impacts of climate change, global carbon dioxide emissions have continued to rise and are 60% higher today than they were in 1990. Exploring this rise through nine thematic lenses-covering issues of climate governance, the fossil fuel industry, geopolitics, economics, mitigation modeling, energy systems, inequity, lifestyles, and social imaginaries-draws out multifaceted reasons for our collective failure to bend the global emissions curve. However, a common thread that emerges across the reviewed literature is the central role of power, manifest in many forms, from a dogmatic political-economic hegemony and influential vested interests to narrow techno-economic mindsets and ideologies of control. Synthesizing the various impediments to mitigation reveals how delivering on the commitments enshrined in the Paris Agreement now requires an urgent and unprecedented transformation away from today's carbon- and energy-intensive development paradigm.
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