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- Evans, Chris, et al.
(författare)
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The Industrial Revolution in Iron : An Introduction
- 2017
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Ingår i: The Industrial Revolution in Iron: The Impact of British Coal Technology in Nineteenth-Century Europe. - : Taylor & Francis. - 9781351887724 - 075463390X - 9780754633907 ; , s. 1-14
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In preindustrial Europe between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries iron was made by a variety of techniques and in the most diverse of social settings. At the risk of over-simplifying, direct reduction techniques were dominant in southern Europe. Coal technology made iron available in abundance. Pig iron output soared towards the end of the eighteenth century, from 61,000 tons in 1785 to 120,000 tons in 1795, then to 250,000 tons in 1805. By 1850 pig iron production in the United Kingdom stood at 2.25 million tons. The growth of bar iron output was every bit as spectacular. Seemingly limitless mineral energy and a profusion of cheap iron allowed Britain to play its pioneering role in the industrialisation of the globe. Hyde became the new orthodoxy about technological change in the iron industry, but did so at a time when the international debate over proto-industrialization theory steered scholarly interest away from questions of technology.
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- Evans, Chris, et al.
(författare)
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The Industrial Revolution in Iron : The Impact of British Coal Technology in Nineteenth-Century Europe
- 2017
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The essays in this volume, each written by an acknowledged expert in the field, trace the fortunes of British coal technology as it spread across the European continent, from Sweden and Russia to the Alps and Spain, and supply an authoritative picture of industrial transformation in one of the key industries of the 19th century. In this period iron making in continental Europe was transformed by the take-up of technologies such as coke smelting and iron puddling that had already revolutionised the British iron industry. The transfer of British technologies was fundamental to European industrialisation, but that transfer was not straightforward. The techniques that had proved so successful in Britain had to be adapted to local circumstances elsewhere, for charcoal-fired techniques proved surprisingly durable. More often than not, as these studies show, coal-fired methods were incorporated into traditional production systems, making for the proliferation of technological hybrids. Overall, it is diversity that stands out. Some European regions (southern Belgium) came near to the British model; others (Spain) persisted with charcoal technology into the late 19th century. Some countries (Sweden) adopted British organisational principles but not the reliance on coal; others (Russia) maintained different iron making sectors - one coal-based, the other loyal to charcoal - in parallel. © Chris Evans and Göran Rydén 2005.
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- Evans, Chris, et al.
(författare)
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‘Voyage iron’ : an Atlantic slave trade currency, its European origins, and West African impact
- 2018
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Ingår i: Past & Present. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0031-2746 .- 1477-464X. ; 29:1, s. 41-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An array of goods was traded to Africa in the era of the transatlantic slave trade. Many were eye-catching consumer goods; others were far more mundane, including ‘voyage iron’, a metal forged in northern Europe, bars of which acted as a currency along the West African coast. This article examines the geography of voyage iron production, showing that it originated in places – primarily Sweden – that are not often thought of as being connected to Atlantic commerce. It then considers the impact that European iron had on West Africa, where iron smelting was very well-established locally. The vibrancy of African metallurgy has led some distinguished Africanists to dismiss voyage iron as marginal to African needs. By contrast, it is contended here that European iron underpinned an agro-environmental transformation of the coastal forests in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and played a major role in the spread of New World crops in West Africa. Voyage iron was a superficially unremarkable producer good but it contributed to a profound reshaping of the economic geography of West Africa.
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