| 1. |
- Hassellöv, Ida-Maja, et al.
(författare)
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Use of port State control inspection data from the Paris MoU to assess pressure from shipping on the marine environment : A study of ships operating in the Baltic Sea region
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this report we analyse the relation between the Port State Control (PSC) system, as implemented by Paris Memorandum of Understanding (Paris MoU), and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), which obligates EU member States to achieve a Good Environmental Status of their marine waters. The deficiency codes in the Paris MoU PSC THETIS list were reviewed to explore how the codes relate to, i.e. directly or indirectly affect, the marine environment. We further sorted these identified deficiency codes into different, partly overlapping, categories based on their relation to MSFD descriptors. The number of deficiencies in the different categories were thereafter used as indices to infer pressures on the marine environment from different classes of ships. The approach was applied on a PSC inspection data set of ships that operated in the Baltic Sea or Skagerrak in 2018 to investigate if the number of deficiencies in four deficiency categories differed among ship types, ships of different ages and ships from different flag states. We also analysed how deficiencies related to five different MSFD descriptors were distributed among ship classes. General cargo, container and dry bulk ships had on average more deficiencies per ship than other ship types. The youngest ships had on average fewer deficiencies per ship than older ships and ships from black and grey listed flag states had on average more deficiencies per ship than ships from white listed flag states. Ships registered in Sweden had on average fewer deficiencies per ship than average ships from white-listed flag states. The number of all deficiencies per ship was generally correlated with the number of deficiencies related to the marine environment. Thus, on a general level, the total number of registered deficiencies also reflected the relative environmental performance of different ship classes. However, on a more detailed level, when deficiencies related to specific MSFD descriptors were analysed, some deviances from this general pattern were observed. The number of ships, as well as the total travelled distance, differed greatly among the different classes of ships. The total pressure on the Baltic marine environment, will, therefore, be larger from the more common middle-aged ships than from older ships, even though older ships on average performed worse than young and middle-aged ships. Similarly, because ships from white listed flag states are much more common, the total number of deficiencies of ships registered in white listed flag states, and hence, the total pressure on the marine environment, is much higher than the total number of deficiencies of, and total pressures from, ships from black and grey listed flag states. The insight that the total pressure of a class of ships is affected not only by the average performance of the ships in that class, but also by the number of ships and the total travelled distance, does not in any way reduce the need to stop the operation of the worst performing individual ships, and by various means to improve the average performance of ships in the low performing general cargo and dry bulk ship classes. From a marine environment management perspective, it is also important to recognize that also continuous smaller improvements of the performance of the more numerous middle-aged ships and of ships registered in white listed flag states will increase the possibility to achieve Good Environmental Status of the marine environments in Europe. We conclude that although the Paris MoU scheme for Port State Controls is an important measure to prevent pollution from ships, there is no harmonization between the work of Paris MoU and the marine environmental management in the EU including the implementation of MSFD. At least eight of the eleven descriptors of the MSFD are influenced by shipping but at least three of them cannot be evaluated by the present scheme for PSC. It is possible, according to our view, to develop the present PSC system to also include control measures that focus on these three descriptors, that is, on the effect on biodiversity, sea-floor integrity and on the production of underwater noise. It is also important to investigate ways to add or modify deficiency codes that would capture the chemical composition of waste streams and remnant chemicals after tank cleanings. An additional development of the PSC system could be to also investigate the behaviour of ships during the period between PSC inspections, e.g. through the use of logged AIS-data. The proposed system development would likely require both new financial resources and competencies.
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| 2. |
- Sarenbo, Sirkku, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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Bitten or struck by dog : a rising number of fatalities in Europe, 1995 – 2016
- 2021
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Ingår i: Forensic Science International. - : Elsevier. - 0379-0738 .- 1872-6283. ; 318, s. 1-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyzed fatal dog attacks in Europe 1995-2016 using official death cause data from Eurostat. The data comprised the number of fatalities assigned The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) code W54 "bitten or struck by dog", which includes deaths due to direct attacks but which excludes many complications following dog bites, such as rabies. In 2016, dogs killed 45 Europeans, which translates to an incidence of 0.009 per 100,000 inhabitants. This is comparable to estimates from the USA (0.011), and Canada (0.007), but higher than Australia (0.004). The number of European fatalities due to dog attacks increased significantly at a rate of several percent per year. This increase could not be explained by increases in the human or the dog populations. By taking all fatalities reported 1995-2016 into account, we investigated the effects of age, gender and geography. First, children, including infants, were common victims, but also middle-aged and the elderly, while people between ages 10 and 39 were rarely killed by dogs. Second, boys and men were overrepresented, but only in certain age groups and in certain parts of Europe. Third, there were large national and regional differences, both in the effects of gender and in incidences, which ranged from 0 to 0.045 per 100,000 inhabitants. This study of dog-related fatalities at a European level is the first of its kind and forms a basis for more detailed, national studies.
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| 3. |
- Sarenbo, Sirkku, 1960-
(författare)
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Canines seized by the Swedish Police Authority in 2015–2016
- 2019
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Ingår i: Forensic Science International. - : Elsevier. - 0379-0738 .- 1872-6283. ; 296, s. 101-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The inspection protocols of the Swedish police, based on the Act (2007:1150) on Supervision of Dogs and Cats, were used to examine the characteristics of 101 seized dogs, their owners, and the circumstances in which the attacks occurred. Most common reasons to seize a dog was that the dog owner was not following a previous order or ban, or that the dog had attacked and caused damage to humans or animals. The most common circumstances of the attacks involved dogs that escaped from gardens, unleashed dogs on walks and attacks by dogs on a leash. Bull breeds caused the highest number of injuries, the most serious injuries, and they were most often categorized as high risk, followed by Rottweilers and German Shepherds. Affenpinscher, Chihuahua, Cocker Spaniel, Japanese Spitz, Pug, Shih Tzu, Shetland Sheepdog and Golden Retriever were identified as victim breeds. The seized dogs had caused substantial harm to humans, animals, and their environment. The largest proportion of dogs returned to owners occurred in the Stockholm region.
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| 4. |
- Sarenbo, Sirkku, 1960-
(författare)
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Min hund är egentligen snäll : Jag vet inte varför den gjorde så här
- 2015. - 1
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Min hund är egentligen snäll är i första hand riktad till den myndighet som handlägger tillsynsärenden, enligt lag om tillsyn (2007:1150) över hundar och katter. I boken redovisas bakgrunden till rasförbuden i Danmark och Norge, och demografi över hundpopulationer i Sverige av de hos grannländerna förbjudna raserna, samt en analys av 107 stycken överklagade beslut enligt tillsynslagen. I boken redovisas också de många olika brottstyper där hundar kan vara inkluderade, vilket kan vara av intresse för brottsutredare och åklagare. Boken kan vara av intresse även för andra aktörer som arbetar med djurskyddsfrågor, beslutsfattare, veterinärer, forskare, studenter m.fl.
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