| 1. |
- Havenhand, Jonathan N., 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Ecological and functional consequences of coastal ocean acidification : Perspectives from the Baltic-Skagerrak System
- 2019
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 48:8, s. 831-854
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ocean temperatures are rising; species are shifting poleward, and pH is falling (ocean acidification, OA). We summarise current understanding of OA in the brackish Baltic-Skagerrak System, focussing on the direct, indirect and interactive effects of OA with other anthropogenic drivers on marine biogeochemistry, organisms and ecosystems. Substantial recent advances reveal a pattern of stronger responses (positive or negative) of species than ecosystems, more positive responses at lower trophic levels and strong indirect interactions in food-webs. Common emergent themes were as follows: OA drives planktonic systems toward the microbial loop, reducing energy transfer to zooplankton and fish; and nutrient/food availability ameliorates negative impacts of OA. We identify several key areas for further research, notably the need for OA-relevant biogeochemical and ecosystem models, and understanding the ecological and evolutionary capacity of Baltic-Skagerrak ecosystems to respond to OA and other anthropogenic drivers.
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| 2. |
- Tanqueray, Laetitia, et al.
(författare)
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Gender Fairness in Social Robotics : Exploring a Future Care of Peripartum Depression
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2022 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction : Alt.HRI - Our Robotics Futures: A Time Capsule - Alt.HRI - Our Robotics Futures: A Time Capsule. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9781538685549 ; , s. 598-607, s. 598-607
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we investigate the possibility of socially assistive robots (SARs) supporting diagnostic screening for peripartum depression (PPD) within the next five years. Through a HRI/socio-legal collaboration, we explore the gender norms within PPD in Sweden, to inform a gender-sensitive approach to designing SARs in such a setting, as well as governance implications. This is achieved through conducting expert interviews and qualitatively analysing the data. Based on the results, we conclude that a gender-sensitive approach is a necessity in relation to the design and governance of SARs for PPD screening.
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| 3. |
- Larsson, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Towards a Socio-Legal Robotics: A Theoretical Framework on Norms and Adaptive Technologies
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Social Robotics. - : Springer. - 1875-4805 .- 1875-4791. ; , s. 1-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While recent progress has been made in several fields of data-intense AI-research, many applications have been shown to be prone to unintendedly reproduce social biases, sexism and stereotyping, including but not exclusive to gender. As more of these design-based, algorithmic or machine learning methodologies, here called adaptive technologies, become embedded in robotics, we see a need for a developed understanding of what role social norms play in social robotics, particularly with regards to fairness. To this end, we i) we propose a framework for a socio-legal robotics, primarily drawn from Sociology of Law and Gender Studies. This is then ii) related to already established notions of acceptability and personalisation in social robotics, here with a particular focus on iii) the interplay between adaptive technologies and social norms. In theorising this interplay for social robotics, we look not only to current statuses of social robots, but draw from identified AI-methods that can be seen to influence robotics in the near future. This theoretical framework, we argue, can help us point to concerns of relevance for questions of fairness in human-robot interaction.
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| 4. |
- Larsson, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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The Artificial Recruiter : Risks of Discrimination in Employers' Use of AI and Automated Decision-Making
- 2024
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Ingår i: Social Inclusion. - : Cogitatio Press. - 2183-2803. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extant literature points to how the risk of discrimination is intrinsic to AI systems owing to the dependence on training data and the difficulty of post hoc algorithmic auditing. Transparency and auditability limitations are problematic both for companies' prevention efforts and for government oversight, both in terms of how artificial intelligence (AI) systems function and how large-scale digital platforms support recruitment processes. This article explores the risks and users' understandings of discrimination when using AI and automated decision-making (ADM) in worker recruitment. We rely on data in the form of 110 completed questionnaires with representatives from 10 of the 50 largest recruitment agencies in Sweden and representatives from 100 Swedish companies with more than 100 employees ("major employers"). In this study, we made use of an open definition of AI to accommodate differences in knowledge and opinion around how AI and ADM are understood by the respondents. The study shows a significant difference between direct and indirect AI and ADM use, which has implications for recruiters' awareness of the potential for bias or discrimination in recruitment. All of those surveyed made use of large digital platforms like Facebook and LinkedIn for their recruitment, leading to concerns around transparency and accountability-not least because most respondents did not explicitly consider this to be AI or ADM use. We discuss the implications of direct and indirect use in recruitment in Sweden, primarily in terms of transparency and the allocation of accountability for bias and discrimination during recruitment processes.
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| 5. |
- Söderlund, Kasia, et al.
(författare)
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Regulating high-reach AI : On transparencydirections in the Digital Services Act
- 2024
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Ingår i: Internet Policy Review. - Berlin : Internet Policy Review, Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society. - 2197-6775. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- By introducing the concept of high-reach AI, this paper focuses on AI systems whose widespread use may generate significant risks for both individuals and societies. While some of those risks have been recognised under the AI Act, we analyse the rules laid down by the Digital Services Act (DSA) for recommender systems used by dominant social media platforms as a prominent example of high-reach AI. Specifically, we examine transparency provisions aimed at addressing adverse effects of these AI technologies employed by social media very large online platforms (VLOPs). Drawing from AI transparency literature, we analyse DSA transparency measures through the conceptual lens of horizontal and vertical transparency. Our analysis indicates that while the DSA incorporates transparency provisions in both dimensions, the most progressive amendments emerge within the vertical transparency, for instance, by the introduction of the systemic risk assessment mechanism. However, we argue that the true impact of the new transparency provisions extends beyond their mere existence, emphasising the critical role of oversight entities in implementation and application of the DSA. Overall, this study highlights the paramount importance of vertical transparency in providing a comprehensive understanding of the aggregated risks associated with high-reach AI technologies, exemplified by social media recommender systems.
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| 6. |
- Brännström, Leila, et al.
(författare)
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Guest Editorial: Tech and the transformation of legal imagination
- 2023
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Ingår i: AI & Society: The Journal of Human-Centred Systems and Machine Intelligence. - London : Springer. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 34, s. 309-314
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This special section on ‘Tech and the Transformation of Legal Imagination’ is an attempt at creatively exploring the law of the tech era. We believe that emerging lines of continuity and discontinuity in the current moment of tech-induced legal transformation are insufficiently investigated. Together with the authors of this special section, we therefore set out in an effort to recover and reimagine the histories of the law/tech nexus, to critically examine the imaginaries operative in the ongoing transformation but also to imagine the future of law. In so doing, we cover two different constellations: one in which the law is imagined, and another in which the law imagines. As this structure is one that operates in other disciplines, too—computer science is imagined as much as it imagines—we believe it will be a useful entry point for readers beyond the discipline of law to explore the relation between tech, law and imagination. In all, we make a move from the general theme of tech, legal transformation and imagination to the more specific one of tech and the transformation of legal imagination.
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| 7. |
- de Vries, Katja
(författare)
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You never fake alone. Creative AI in action
- 2020
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Ingår i: Information, Communication and Society. - : Routledge. - 1369-118X .- 1468-4462. ; 23:14, s. 2110-2127
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Creative AI (notably GANs and VAEs) can generate convincing fakes of video footage, pictures, graphics, etc. In order to conceptualize the societal role of creative AI a new conceptual toolbox is needed. The paper provides metaphors and concepts for understanding the functioning of creative AI. It shows how the role of creative AI in relation to FAT ideals can be enriched by a dynamic and constructivist understanding of creative AI. The paper proposes to use Greimas’ actantial model as a heuristic in the operationalization of this type of understanding of creative AI.
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| 8. |
- Jagers, Sverker, et al.
(författare)
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Societal causes of, and responses to, ocean acidification
- 2019
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 48:8, s. 816-830
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Major climate and ecological changes affect the world's oceans leading to a number of responses including increasing water temperatures, changing weather patterns, shrinking ice-sheets, temperature-driven shifts in marine species ranges, biodiversity loss and bleaching of coral reefs. In addition, ocean pH is falling, a process known as ocean acidification (OA). The root cause of OA lies in human policies and behaviours driving society's dependence on fossil fuels, resulting in elevated CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. In this review, we detail the state of knowledge of the causes of, and potential responses to, OA with particular focus on Swedish coastal seas. We also discuss present knowledge gaps and implementation needs.
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| 9. |
- Lindahl, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Normative systems and their revision: an algebraic approach
- 2003
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Ingår i: Artificial Intelligence and Law. ; 11:2-3, s. 81-104
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper discusses normative systems and their revision within an algebraic framework. If a system is logically well-formed, certain norms, called connecting norms, determine the system as a whole. It is maintained that, if the system is well-formed, a relation at least as low as determines a lattice or quasi-lattice of its connecting norms. The ideas are presented mainly in the form of comments on a legal example concerning acquisition of movable property by extinction of another person's previous rights.
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| 10. |
- Sun, Jing, et al.
(författare)
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A BIM-based approach to design a lifecycle 3D property formation process : A Swedish case study
- 2023
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Ingår i: Land use policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 131, s. 106712-106712
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 3D property formation has become an important solution to provide a more comprehensive and accurate representation of the property's physical characteristics than traditional 2D property formation. Despite the numerous benefits of the 3D property formation, there is a need for more detailed descriptions of 3D cadastral data delivery between the involved actors to ensure efficient and effective collaboration. In particular, the practical difficulties are when/what related 3D cadastral information and models should be exchanged and stored from/to whom. Therefore, to address these issues, we propose a lifecycle 3D property formation process with four phases by designing an IDM process, which is an international open BIM process standard. In the purpose of forming a Swedish lifecycle 3D property formation process, the IDM process has been applied through organizational, legal and technical aspects, including identifying actors and their roles and values, gathering 3D property formation requirements, defining the data exchange requirements and designing the process map. Moreover, a case study was used to specify the Swedish lifecycle 3D property formation process and information delivery between stakeholders in the IDM. The aim is to facilitate a standardized and unambiguous digital 3D property formation procedure on a national level in order to improve and enhance the digital Swedish Cadastral and Land Administration Systems, but the process is quite generic and could also be applied in other countries.
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